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NANOTECHNOLOGY. contents. ORIGINS FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS CURRENT RESEARCH TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES APPLICATIONS. WHAT IT IS??.
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contents • ORIGINS • FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS • CURRENT RESEARCH • TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES • APPLICATIONS
WHAT IT IS?? Nanotechnology refers broadly to a field of applied science and technology whose unifying theme is the control of matter on the molecular level in scales smaller than 1 micrometre, normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the fabrication of devices within that size range.
It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as applied physics, materials science, colloidal science, device physics, supramolecular chemistry, and even mechanical and electrical engineering.
History of nanotechnology The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 . He defined as follows “Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule."
Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two major developments; the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is the simplest of the carbon structures known as fullerenes.
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10-9 of a meter. Or another way of putting it: a nanometer is the amount a man's beard grows in the time it takes him to raise the razor to his face .
nanomaterials • Materials reduced to the nanoscale can suddenly show very different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications.
1)For instance, opaque substances become transparent (copper);2)A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales.
Image of reconstruction on a clean Au(100) surface, as visualized using scanning tunneling microscopy. The individual atoms composing the surface are visible
1)nanomedicines 2)molecular self-assembly. 3)molecular electronics. 4)scanning probe microscopy. 5)nanolithography. 6)molecular nanotechnology. Subfields and related fields.
Size concerns volume of an object decreases as the third power of its linear dimensions, but the surface area only decreases as its second power. This somewhat subtle and unavoidable principle has huge ramifications.
For example the power of a drill (or any other machine) is proportional to the volume, while the friction of the drill's bearings and gears is proportional to their surface area. For a normal-sized drill, the power of the device is enough to handily overcome any friction.
That is, the power of the device is enough to handily overcome any friction. However, scaling its length down by a factor of 1000, for example, decreases its power by 10003 (a factor of a billion) while reducing the friction by only 10002 (a factor of "only" a million).
that implies the smaller drill will have 10 times as much friction as power. The drill is useless.
That is why same miniature technique cannot be used to make functional mechanical devises. there is also the problem of surface tension.
Materials used in nanotechnology can be divided as 1)fullerenes.2)inorganic nanoparticles
nanotubes have:• the highest elastic module, and mechanical strength that is approximately 200 times stronger than steel. • novel electronic properties. • high thermal conductivity. • excellent chemical and thermal stability. • promising electron field emission properties. • high chemical (such as lithium) storage capacity
Applications Nanotechnology is known as the technology of the 21st century. At the present time, many applications are already known, including data storage, restoring data (Giant Magneto-Resistive (GMR) heads for hard disc drives in computers), sun creams, airbag sensors and scratch-resistant coatings.
Areas of application for nanotechnology • Nanomaterials/Industrial production • Nano-electronics • Bio-electronics • Nanotechnology in medicine • Military technology • Agricultural nanotechnology
Industrial application of Nanotechnology carbon nanotubes are useful in a broad range of technologies such as:• telecommunication, cell phones. • rechargeable lithium batteries. • medical image equipment. • computer display. • multi-functional composites for aircraft.
Nano-elektronicsNano-electronics is needed to develop more powerful computers and transistors. They in turn can be used in telephone handsets, cars, domestic appliances and other consumer and industrial applications. These items are currently controlled by microprocessors.
Nanotechnology in medicines Nanomedicine will employ molecular machine systems to address medical problems.Cells have been shown to grow on CNTs, so they appear to have no toxic effect. The cells also do not adhere to the CNTs. This ability of CNTs also leads to biomedical applications such as vascular stents, and neuron growth and regeneration.
A single strand of DNA can be bonded to a nanotube, which can then be successfully inserted into a cell. Nanomedicine will employ molecular machine systems to address medical problems, and will use molecular knowledge to maintain and improve human health at the molecular scale.
Drug delivery device - a device which is used to intoduce nanomaterials into body also called as surgical robots or miniature medical devices
Drug can be delivered to organs for treatment of cancers at their site rather than the use of systemic and often highly toxic chemotherapy. Another possible application could be the delivery to specific sites of coated nanoparticles that could then be heated using intense light thereby destroying diseased tissue and cells.
Nanotechnology in the agrifood sectorNanotechnology combined with biotechnology seems to make all kinds of applications possible. Realistic applications include the use of membranes as an alternative to sterilising foods, sensors in packaging that detect deterioration and light fat (drops of fat that consist mostly of water).
Military applications of nanotechnologyNanotechnology can be used for peaceful and non-peaceful purposes. The clothes soldiers wear can be modified to provide them with better protection against heat and cold (smart textiles) and integrated nanosensors can be used to monitor their heart beat and blood pressure remotely.
In addition, clothing can have built-in protection against bullets. Nanotechnology can also be used to make vehicles invisible to radar systems and make bullets super-penetrating while at the same time improving their accuracy.
1)titanium dioxide nanoparticles in sunscreen, cosmetics, food products.2) silver nanoparticles in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household appliances.3) cerium oxide nanoparticles as a fuel catalyst. Other applications
^ Jennifer Kahn (2006). "Nanotechnology". National Geographic2006 (June): 98-119. ^ Jennifer Kahn (2006). "Nanotechnology". National Geographic2006 (June): 98-119. ^ Ghalanbor Z, Marashi SA, Ranjbar B (2005). "Nanotechnology helps medicine: nanoscale swimmers and their future applications". Med Hypotheses65 (1): 198-199. PMID 15893147. ^ Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugisaka M. (2005). "Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications". Curr Pharm Biotechnol.6 (1): 17-33. PMID 15727553. ^ Cavalcanti A, Freitas RA Jr. (2005). "Nanorobotics control design: a collective behavior approach for medicine". IEEE Trans Nanobioscience4 (2): 133-140. PMID 16117021. ^ Shetty RC (2005). "Potential pitfalls of nanotechnology in its applications to medicine: immune incompatibility of nanodevices". Med Hypotheses65 (5): 998-9. PMID 16023299. ^ Curtis AS. (2005). "Comment on "Nanorobotics control design: a collective behavior approach for medicine".". IEEE Trans Nanobioscience.4 (2): 201-202. PMID 16117028. ^ Cavalcanti A, Shirinzadeh B, Freitas RA Jr., Kretly LC. (2007). "Medical Nanorobot Architecture Based on Nanobioelectronics". Recent Patents on Nanotechnology.1 (1):
