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Understanding Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Mechanics

This resource provides an in-depth exploration of plate tectonics, including the movement of the North American and Caribbean Plates, the concept of hot spot volcanism, and the rock cycle's relationship with tectonic activities. It covers earthquake basics such as seismic waves, fault types, and earthquake-related hazards like tsunamis and ground failure. Additionally, it discusses earthquake prediction and forecasting methods and highlights key case studies and photos of significant earthquake impacts, helping to raise awareness and preparedness for seismic events.

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Understanding Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Mechanics

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  1. Class lectures available http://geology.uprm.edu/cavosie.html

  2. World Lithospheric Plates Source: After W. Hamilton, U.S. Geological Survey.

  3. North American Plate Caribbean Plate Source: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/caribbean/background.htmli

  4. Source: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/caribbean/background.html

  5. Source: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/caribbean/background.html

  6. Hot Spot Volcanism Tectonic plates ‘drift’ over a ‘mantle plume’

  7. Hot spot volcanism: tracking moving plates

  8. Hot spot volcanism: tracking moving plates Midway Island (Pacific Plate) ~ 25 Million years old, 2700 km from Hawaii 2700 km/25 Ma At what rate is the Pacific plate moving?

  9. Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle • What drives plate tectonics? • Rock Formation at Plate Boundaries

  10. Mantle Convection Different rocks form in different environments

  11. Source: http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/Chapter4/Chapter4_index.html

  12. Overview • Earthquakes–Basic Theory • Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity • Earthquake–Related Hazards and Their Reduction • Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting • Earthquake Control? • Awareness, Public Response • Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S. Earthquakes

  13. Source: http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/Chapter4/Chapter4_index.html

  14. SeismicWavesandEarthquakeSeverity • Locations faults occur • Types of Faults • Seismic Waves • Locating the Epicenter • Magnitude and Intensity

  15. Source: http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/Chapter4/Chapter4_index.html

  16. Earthquake–Related Hazards and Their Reduction • Ground Motion (shaking) • Influenced by bedrock vs. sediments • Ground Failure (landslides, liquefaction) • Tsunamis and Coastal Effects • Fire

  17. Ground Shaking — Loma Prieta Earthquake Source: R.A. Page et. al., Goals, Opportunities, and Priorities for the USGS Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, p. 7.

  18. Hollow Clay Brick Walls in Iran Source:Photograph by M. Mehrain, Dames and Moore, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

  19. Timber-Frame Buildings in Turkey Source:Photograph by Roger Bilham, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

  20. Landslide from Seattle Earthquake, 1965 Source:Photograph courtesy University of California at Berkeley/NOAA.

  21. Effects of Soil Liquefaction, Japanese Quakes (Nigata), 1964 Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

  22. Sand Boils after Loma Prieta Earthquake Source:Photograph by J. Tinsley, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687.

  23. Collapse of I-880 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Source:Photograph by D. Keefer, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687.

  24. Marina District Damage from Loma Prieta Quake Source:Photograph by M. Bennette, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687

  25. Tsunami Damage in Kodiak, Alaska Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

  26. Tsunami Travel Times to Hawaii Source: After U.S. Geological Survey.

  27. Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting • Seismic Gaps • Earthquake Precursors and Prediction • Current Status of Earthquake Prediction • The Earthquake Cycle and Forecasting

  28. California Earthquake Probabilities Map Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, fig, 15, p. 29.

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