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Exploring Matter: States & Changes

Discover the fundamentals of matter and energy through the kinetic theory, states of matter, phase changes, and conservation laws. Dive into phase diagrams to comprehend the complexities of state transitions.

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Exploring Matter: States & Changes

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  1. 3.1 Matter and Energy • Kinetic Theory of Matter: • All matter is made of atoms • Atoms always in motion; hotter = faster, faster = hotter • Heavier particles move slower than lighter at the same temperature

  2. States of matter • Solid: particles close together (still move … vibrate) • definite Shape • definite Volume • Liquid: particles are close but move freely … slide past each other • no definite Shape (container) • definite Volume • Gas: particles are far apart … take available space • no definite Shape • no definite Volume • Plasma: electrons free from nucleus (ionized); like a gas with an electric charge

  3. States of matter • Phase changes: going from 1 state to another … a physical change … involves energy • Exothermic: gives off heat, becomes colder (heat exits) • condensation: (gas to liquid • solidification: (liquid to solid, also called freezing) • deposition: (gas to solid) • Endothermic: absorbs energy, gets warmer (heat goes into it) • melt: (solid to liquid) • evaporate: (liquid to gas) • sublimate: (solid to gas)

  4. States of matter

  5. Conservation of Mass • Law of Conservation of Mass: • Law of Conservation of Energy: • mass and energy can not be created or destroyed. They only change form. You have the same mass and energy before a reaction as you would after. • Temperature is not the only way to change state of matter. Pressure can also change state of matter. • As pressure goes up, gas  liquid solid • As pressure goes down, solid liquid gas

  6. Phase diagrams • show combinations of temperature and pressures to achieve different phases. • Triple point: temperature and pressure at which the substance can be a solid, liquid and gas all at once. • Lines on graph represent phase changes (as either temperature or pressure change)

  7. Phase diagrams

  8. Phase diagrams • Shows what happens as add heat. Adding energy doesn’t always change the temperature! • During phase change: temperature doesn’t change because energy is causing molecules to move farther apart. (Flat areas). • When not changing phase: temperature goes up as molecules move faster

  9. Phase diagrams

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