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Brazil

Brazil. Key Themes. Brasilidade Immigration & “Whitening” Coffee plantation economy Role of President Vargas Race & Slavery. Images of Brazil. 1549 = Paradise on Earth 16 th century = Site of cannibalism 17 th century = Awareness of racial inequality

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Brazil

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  1. Brazil

  2. Key Themes • Brasilidade • Immigration & “Whitening” • Coffee plantation economy • Role of President Vargas • Race & Slavery

  3. Images of Brazil • 1549 = Paradise on Earth • 16th century = Site of cannibalism • 17th century = Awareness of racial inequality • 19th century = Scientific wonderland • 20th Century = World connections • 1970s = “Awakening Giant” & “Brazilian Miracle” • 1980s = 2 Brazils in 1 nation

  4. Brazil’s Independence • 1808 = Queen Maria & Prince João escape Napoleon’s invasion • 1820 = Military demand abdication of King João • 1822 – 1889 = Monarchy under Emperor Pedro I & Emperor Pedro II Dom Pedro II

  5. Why a republic in 1889? • Abolition of slavery (1888) • Alienation of the plantocracy

  6. The Old Republic/Era of the Oligarchies, 1889 – 1930 • Favoritism • Corruption • 1891 = New Federal Constitution • Coup d’etat of Vargas & end of Old Republic (1930)

  7. The Getùlio Vargas Revolution • First era = 1930 – 1945 • 1937 = Estado Novo dictatorship began • Second era = 1951 – 1954 • Built a strong national government • “Father of the Poor”

  8. The Estado Novo, 1930 – 1945

  9. The Populist Era, 1945 – 1964 • Vargas forced out (1945) • Vargas elected president (1951 – 1954) • Vargas’ suicide (1954) • Military coup deposes President Goulart (1964)

  10. Authoritarian Regime, 1964 – 1985 • Military government

  11. Era of “Nova Repùblica,” 1985 – present

  12. Plantation Economy & Race • Brazilwood, sugar, coffee • Dependent upon imported goods • Rigid racial & social hierarchy

  13. “Gold Cycle,” 1690 – 1750 • Late 17th century – early 18th century = Gold mining • Minas Gerais • Demographic shift

  14. King Coffee, 1840s – 1928 • 1920s = “Coffee paid for everything” • Destruction of rainforest • Social wealth model from sugar • 1860s – 1870s = Immigrant labor • 1928 = Coffee “bust”

  15. Afro-Brazilian Slavery • 1492 – 1850 = Almost 10 million slaves sent to Brazil • Gradual Abolition • Quieroz Law of 1850 • 1871 = Law of Free Womb • 1880s = Abolitionist movement • 1886 = Whipping of slaves outlawed • 1888 = Full abolition

  16. Slave Population • 1873 = 1,566,416 • 1883 = 1,346,648 • 1885 = 1,133, 228 • 1887 = 723, 419

  17. Immigration • 1827 – 1930 = 3.8 million immigrants from Europe & Japan arrive in Brazil • 1897 – 1930 = 35% of immigrants were Italian, 29% were Portuguese • 1884 – 1970 = 248,400 Japanese move to Brazil • Brasilidade & “Whitening”

  18. Experiments • 1820s = Recruitment of German-speaking Austrians to colonize as middle-class farmers • 1860s = Recruitment of Chinese immigrants

  19. 1940 & Brasilidade • 1940 = Claims of “white nation” status • 1940 = 63.5% white, 14.6 % Black, .6% “yellow,” 21.2% “Pardo” • Why? • Vargas, samba, & soccer • Estado Novo attitude about race

  20. Movimento Negro • Mid-1970s • Why the name? • Ebony magazine

  21. Popular Religion • Popular Catholicism • Umbanda = Fastest growing religion in 1950s & 1960s • Bantu speakers in Rio • Candomblè

  22. Pentacostalism • Rio de Janeiro = 61% of churches are Pentacostal • 1906 = Started in Los Angeles by William Seymour • 1970s & 1980s = Gains strength in Brazil • Speaking in tongues • Why the attraction?

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