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Understanding DNA Mutations: Types, Effects, and Causes

This article explores the various types of DNA mutations, including point mutations, frame shift mutations, and chromosome mutations. It defines each type and elaborates on their potential effects on protein structure and function. Readers will learn how mutations can arise, their possible repairs, and the distinction between somatic and germ cell mutations. Additionally, the article touches on the role of environmental mutagens in influencing DNA changes. Visual animations enhance understanding of these complex biological processes.

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Understanding DNA Mutations: Types, Effects, and Causes

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  1. Mutations

  2. Defined: one nucleotide is substituted for another May be repaired by DNA polymerase May lead to amino acid change See animation May not lead to any change Ex: DNA “CCC” is mutated into “CCG” Same amino acid is created (glycine) Gene: Point Mutations T A C A G T G G T C A A A DNA U G U C A C A C A G U U U mRNA cysteine glutamine histidine glutamine phenylalanine Amino acids

  3. Gene: Frame Shift Mutation C A C A G T G G T C A A A DNA • Defined: insertion/deletion of a nucleotide • Entire sequence of DNA/RNA after the mutation is shifted (see animation) • Much more serious to the structure/function of the final protein • mRNA sequence may have early or late “stop codons” G U G U C A C C A G U U U mRNA cysteine histidine glutamine phenylalanine Amino acids histidine serine leucine

  4. Chromosome Mutations • Translocation: Chromosome segments combine with nonhomologous chromosome • Many genes wind up on entirely different chromosomes • Gene cut apart • ½ on chr #5, ½ on chr #8

  5. Down’s Syndrome

  6. Impact on Offspring • Somatic cell mutations • Affect only the individual • Not passed on to future generations • Ex: Muscle cell mutation • Germ cell mutations • May be passed to future generations • Ex: Sperm cell mutation

  7. Mutation Causes • Mutagen: agents in the environment that can change DNA • Speed up replication process • Break apart nucleotides • Ex: UV sunlight breaks hydrogen bond between thymine (T) and adenine (A)

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