Basics of IC Engines: Construction, Components, and Materials

1. Dr. D. Y. PatilPratishthan’s DR. D. Y. PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH Applied Thermodynamics Unit I Mr. S. G. Khedkar

2. Unit –I Basics of IC Engines and Fuel-Air & Actual Cycles

3. Syllabus Unit-I :BASICS OF IC ENGINES (5) Heat Engines, IC and EC engines, IC engines construction- components and materials, engine nomenclature, valve diagrams, intake and exhaust systems, engine classification, applications Standard Cycles & Fuel-Air Cycles (5) Fuel-air cycle, assumptions, comparison with air standard cycle, effect of variables on performance, actual engine cycle and various losses

4. Learning Objectives: To learn basics of heat engines, IC and EC engines, IC engines construction- components and materials, engine nomenclature, applications

7. Analysis of Engine Management System

8. Engine of a car

9. Basics of IC Engines • Heat Engines • Internal Combustion (IC) Engines • External Combustion (EC) Engines • Engine Construction – components and material • Engine Nomenclature • Applications

10. What is an engine? - a machine which converts chemical energy into mechanical energy Types of engines: *External combustion engine. *Internal combustion engine. -Ex: steam engine -Ex: car engine

11. steam engines external combustion Gas turbines Stirling engine Otto engine internal combustion Diesel engine Vankel engine types of heat engines Type of Heat Engines

12. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel-oxidizer mixture occurs in a confined space applied in: automotive rail transportation power generation ships aviation Internal Combustion Engines-Applications

13. Internal Combustion Engines An Internal Combustion Engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber. This demo intents to illustrate some aspects related to the efficiency of 4-stroke IC engines.

14. A internal combustion engine is a device that converts the chemical energy contained in fuel into rotating power (mechanical energy). • Various parts are housed within an engine block Internal Combustion Engines

15. Internal Combustion Engines-Parts

16. External Combustion engines Gas Turbine engine A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section. There, the high velocity and volume of the gas flow is directed through a nozzle over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine which powers the compressor and, for some turbines, drives their mechanical output. The energy given up to the turbine comes from the reduction in the temperature and pressure of the exhaust gas.

17. Gas turbine engines are, theoretically, extremely simple. They have three parts: Compressor - Compresses the incoming air to high pressure Combustion area - Burns the fuel and produces high-pressure, high-velocity gas Turbine - Extracts the energy from the high-pressure, high-velocity gas flowing from the combustion chamber Compressor Combustion area Turbine

18. Exhaust Air Combustion Mixing Power Fuel Useful Work • Carburetor • Ignition • Valves • Flywheel • Crankshaft How engine works?

19. History of Internal Combustion Engine History of IC engines: 1700s - Steam engines (external combustion engines) 1860 - Lenoir engine (h = 5%) 1867 - Otto-Langenengine (h = 11%, 90 RPM max.) 1876 - Otto four stroke “spark ignition” engine (h = 14%, 160 RPM max.) 1880s - Two stroke engine 1892 - Diesel four stroke “compression ignition” engine 1957 - Wenkel“rotary” engine

20. FLYWHEEL Historical IC Engines

21. Classification of Internal Combustion Engines By Operation System • Two-stroke engine • Four-stroke engine

22. Engine Classification:2 Stroke Scavenging and Intake (ports open) Compression (ports closed) Air Taken Into Crankcase Exhaust (intake port closed) Combustion (ports closed) Air compressed in crankcase

23. Engine Classification: 4 Stroke 4 Exhaust Valve Intake Valve 2 1 3 Exhaust Manifold Intake Manifold Spark Plug Cylinder Piston Connecting Rod Crank Crankcase Power Stroke Fuel-air mixture burns, increasing temperature and pressure, expansion of combustion gases drives piston down. Both valves closed - exhaust valve opens near end of stroke Exhaust Stroke Exhaust valve open, exhaust products are displaced from cylinder. Intake valve opens near end of stroke. Compression Stroke Both valves closed, Fuel/air mixture is compressed by rising piston. Spark ignites mixture near end of stroke. Intake Stroke Intake valve opens, admitting fuel and air. Exhaust valve closed for most of stroke

24. Internal combustion engine needs fuel, ignition and compression in order to run. • Four-Stroke Gasoline Engine • Two-Stroke Gasoline Engines • Diesel Engine • Rotary Engine • Steam Engine Engines

25. By Engine Cycles • Otto cycle • Diesel cycle • Duel Cycle By Fuel Type • Gasoline • Diesel • Gas engines • Alternate fuel engines

26. By Cylinder Position • I-Engine • V-Engine • Boxer Engine • H-Engine • U-Engine • Wankel Engine By Stroke • Two engine • Four engine • Six Stroke

27. By Cooling System • Water Cooled • Air Colled By Ignition System • Spark Ignition engine • Compression Ignition engine

28. There are many ways by which internal combustion engines are classified • Piston strokes • Engine power • Number of cylinders • Engine displacement • Cylinder arrangement • Fuel ignition Classifying Internal Combustion Engines

29. Reciprocating Engine A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: the internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles; the steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution; and the niche application Stirling engine. Stirling Engine 4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engine

30. Rotary Engine A rotary engine is essentially a standard Otto cycle engine, but instead of having a fixed cylinder block with rotating crankshaft as with a conventional radial engine, the crankshaft remains stationary and the entire cylinder block rotates around it. In the most common form, the crankshaft was fixed solidly to an aircraft frame, and the propeller simply bolted onto the front of the crankcase.

31. Wankel rotary engine Internal Combustion Engines Advantages: • higher power output • no reciprocating mass • simpler and lighter construction Drawbacks: • increased wear of rubbing parts • higher fuel consumption • requirement for better materials

32. Rotary (Wankel)Engine Principles of a Rotary Engine Like a piston engine, the rotary engine uses the pressure created when a combination of air and fuel is burned. In a piston engine, that pressure is contained in the cylinders and forces pistons to move back and forth. The connecting rods and crankshaft convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion that can be used to power a car. In a rotary engine, the pressure of combustion is contained in a chamber formed by part of the housing and sealed in by one face of the triangular rotor, which is what the engine uses instead of pistons.

33. The rotor follows a path that looks like something you'd create with a Spirograph. This path keeps each of the three peaks of the rotor in contact with the housing, creating three separate volumes of gas. As the rotor moves around the chamber, each of the three volumes of gas alternately expands and contracts. It is this expansion and contraction that draws air and fuel into the engine, compresses it and makes useful power as the gases expand, and then expels the exhaust.

34. Parts of Rotary Engine Housing Rotor Output Shaft

35. Small engines – produce less than 25 horsepower. • Large engines – produce more than 25 horse power. Engine power

36. Single-cylinder – engines have only one cylinder. • Multi-cylinder – engines have 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or more cylinders. Number of cylinders

37. Inline Engines: The cylinders are arranged in a line, in a single bank. • V Engines:The cylinders are arranged in two banks, set at an angle to one another. • Flat Engines: The cylinders are arranged in two banks on opposite sides of the engine Engines

39. Working of a Petrol Engine A Four Stroke Internal Combustion Engine is an engine whose working cycle consists of an intake stroke, a compression stroke, a power stroke and an exhaust stroke.

40. Cylinder layouts Internal Combustion Engines – multi-cylinder -

41. inline flat V Cylinder layouts Internal Combustion Engines – multi-cylinder -

42. inline V Internal Combustion Engines – multi-cylinder -

43. 14 cylinder Diesel engine (80 MW) Internal Combustion Engines – multi-cylinder -

44. Cylinder layouts radial Internal Combustion Engines – multi-cylinder -

45. In Line (Automobile) V (Automobile) Horizontally Opposed Opposed Piston (crankshafts geared together) Engine Classification: Cylinder Configurations Radial (Aircraft)

46. Describes the total swept volume of the engine cylinders as pistons complete one stroke. • Expressed as either cubic inches or cubic centimeters. Engine Displacement

47. In-line – all of the cylinders are in a straight line. • Vee-block – cylinders arranged in a “V” configuration. • Flat – cylinder arrangements are perpendicular, or flat, in the relation to the earth. Cylinder arrangement

48. Gasoline engines – fuel-powered by a spark ignition. • Diesel engines – use glow plugs and fuel in compression ignition. Fuel ignition

49. Compression Compression stroke Connecting rod Crankshaft Cycle Cylinder Diesel engines Engine block Engine displacement Exhaust Exhaust stroke Flat Four-stroke engine Gasoline Engines In-line Terms

50. Intake Intake stroke Internal combustion engine Large engines Multi-cylinder Piston Power Power stroke Reed valves Single-cylinder Small Engines Two-stroke engine Vee-block Wrist pin Terms (continued)