The Art & Science of Law Enforcement & Justice Administration Part II

1. The Art & Science ofLaw Enforcement & Justice AdministrationPart II • Part I provided the Contextual Themes of Administration upon which the science of administration is based. • Part II demonstrates the art of administration by Applying Contextual Theme Concepts to the Administration of Contemporary Criminal Justice agencies. • Part III will explore how the Contextual Theme Concepts can be Applied to Future Criminal Justice Issues.

2. Connecting Criminal Justice AdministrationPast to the Present Chapter 6

3. Contemporary issues are an extension of the past coupled with uncertainties: ~ introduced by conditions not under human control, ~ introduced by human choice. • This chapter is meant to connect past themes and concepts to contemporary administration issues.

4. Directions From the Distant Past 1788 John Jay, John Madison & Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist. • More than 200 years ago, they raised the question as to what is the appropriate role of public administration. • Is it strong and independent or weak & well-controlled? • Since the Constitution does not make clear the division and sharing of powers, the answer to this question remains unclear today.

5. 1887, Woodrow Wilson, “The Study of Administration • As presented in Chapter 1, Wilson believed public agencies should be separated from politics • He saw it as more of a “closed system” that carried out the business of government at the direction of the elected officials.

6. Directions From The Recent Past 1976. Herbert Simon, Administrative Behavior. • He saw public agencies as not fully closed nor fully open systems. • A closed systems would be impractical but a fully open system would be overwhelmed. • His direction was to receive & screen inputs from all sources and to provide for a more controlled processing and output.

7. 1980, Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (revisited in retrospect) • Toffler saw the driving force for the 1980s and beyond as Information and Technology • In retrospect, today we see Service as the driving force with information and technology being the prime “Physical Element” that facilitates service-oriented enterprise (Table 6-1)

8. 1981, Alberto Ramos, The New Science of Organization. ~ Ramos wrote that the “the new science of organization” involved being “responsive to its member’s basic needs of production and actualization.” 1982, George Gordon, Public Administration in America. ~ Gordon wrote “millions of Americans seek to reassert control over agencies of government that have major impact on their daily lives.” 1987, Vincent Ostom, The Political Theory of a Compound Republic ~ Ostom wrote that public agencies must moved from strong centralized control to a more decentralized approach that was more responsive to the needs of local citizens.

9. 1988, Harlan Cleveland, “Theses of a New Reformation: The Social Fallout of Science 300 Years After Newton.” ~ Predicted that “for the 90s and beyond, public administration will be the art of making creative interconnections. All real-world problems are interdisciplinary, interprofessional, and international.” 1990, Jeffrey Strausman, Public Administration ~ Strausman said that public administrators would have the ability to innovate and to take risks, be both specialist and generalist, be cognizant of evolving societal complexity and have to cope with scarcity.” 1990. John Naisbitt & Patricia Aburdene, Megatrends 2000 ~ They predicted for the 21st Century a global economic boom, rise of the Pacific Rim, women’s leadership and privatization of the welfare state.

10. Changes in the 1990’s that Set the Stage for Today’s Criminal Justice Administration Approaches • Discuss the predictions for cultural, technological, economical and social changes. • In retrospect, how accurate were the predictions? ~ they have been “generally accurate.” • Change provides inside into predictions that are being made today for the future.

11. Connecting the History of American Criminal Justice to the Present Early settlers in our country came to live in an environment free from an oppressive government. This philosophy has lead to: ~ 17,000 separate police departments, ~ a court system built on the concept of an adversarial process ~ an overall criminal justice system structured to prevent centralizing of authority (Figure 6-1)

12. Connecting the History of Police Administration ~ Discuss the evolution of policing from the “watch & ward” to the current “service” mode of policing (Table 6-2) ~ Discuss the Sir Robert Peel Organizational Principles that most police agencies adopted.

13. Discuss the people who were most instrumental in the development of police administration: • Leonhard F. Fuld • August Vollmer • O. W. Wilson • William Parker

14. Connecting the History of Corrections Administration • Discuss the evolutionary approaches to corrections in the United States. (Table 6-3)

15. Discuss the people who were most instrumental in the development of corrections: • Zebulon Reed Brockway • Mary Belle Harris • Alexander Maconochie

16. Connecting the History of Court Administration • Discussion of the “trickle down” evolution of the court system from the constitutionally created U.S. Supreme court. • Discussion of why court administration practices developed later than in the two other fields of criminal justice States. • Discussion of the functions of court administrators.

17. Discuss the people who were most instrumental in the development of court administration: • Arthur T. Vanderbilt • A. Leo Levin • Edward B. McConnell

18. Conclusion • Review Key Concepts & Terms an ensure that you understand each. • Become acquainted with how these become part of the textbook’s .Compendium of Criminal Justice Themes and Related Key Concepts. • ReviewSuggested Review Questions and Activates. • Review Relevant Publication.

19. Practice Quiz • The milestone writings from the DistantPast commented on the future direction of public administration as: a. More of a “closed system” that carried out the business of government at the direction of the elected officials. b. Is it strong and independent or weak & well-controlled? c. The Constitution does not make clear the division and sharing of powers. d. All of the above e. None of the above 2. The milestone writing from the Recent Past saw public administration as: a. Not fully closed nor fully open systems. b. The driving force for the 1980s and beyond as information and technology. c. Required to move from strong centralized control to a more decentralized approach. d. Will be the art of making creative interconnections with a global society. e. All of the above

20. 3. In retrospect, the predictions made in the 1990s for cultural, technological, economical and social changes for the 21st Century can now be viewed as: a. absolutely accurate b. generally accurate c. about 50-50 accurate d. generally inaccurate e. absolutely inaccurate 4. The “professionalizing of police administration progressed at about the same rate as in the private sector. a. true b. false

21. 5. Which of the following persons were not discussed as important to the development of police administration? a.Leonhard F. Fuld b. August Vollmer c. O. W. Wilson d. William Parker e. Arthur T. Vanderbilt 6. Which of the following persons were not discussed as important the development of corrections administration? a. Zebulon Reed Brockway b. Mary Belle Harris c. Alexander Maconochie d. Leo Levin e. All of the above were corrections administrators

22. Answers to Practice Quiz #6 • 1. d • 2. e • 3. b • 4. b • 5. e • 6. d