Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 War and Peace

2. Superpower: a country which is more powerful than almost all other countries • in the 1700s, Britain and France were superpowers against each other • They had almost competed against each other for more power, which included the amount of land each owned

3. Take a look at the “Perspectives on War” section on p.99 of your textbook. This shows you how various people felt about the war

4. P.100 • Fact: information that is accepted as correct and true • Opinion: when people give a point of view • Bias: an opinion you have about something you are connected to • Read the “Skillcheck” on page 100

5. WAR!1. The French Perspective • Canada was highly populated with francophones: people who’s first language is french • France had built strong fortresses, such as in Quebec and Louisbourg

6. 2. British Perspective • Britain had a lot more colonists than France • They wanted to move into the centre of Canada for farmland and more furs • Also, in the east, they wanted control of the fishery • Everywhere, France stood in Britain’s way

7. P.102 shows the strengths and weaknesses of each group • Read the chart. Which side was stronger, and why?

8. P. 103: Fortress Quebec (can a volunteer read this aloud for the class please?)

9. War begins... • George Washington (before he became the 1st president of the United States) attacked the French in 1754, but lost • Britain promised to return again, but with more soldiers

10. Acadians and the war: • An “Acadian” was a descendant of the first French colonists • The ownership of Acadia went back and forth between the French and English • 1710: it was under British control • Britain changed Acadia’s name to “Nova Scotia”

11. 10,000 people lived in Acadia • Many married with the Mi’kmaq • Economy was based on fishing

12. Problems… • Britain had never liked the Acadians, and the Acadians would not swear to be loyal to be Britain • Also, the First Nations were friends with the Acadians, but not with the British

13. British Governor Lawrence finally threatened the Acadians. He told them to make a choice: • Swear to be loyal to Britain and fight against the French OR • Leave! *everyone open to page 107-108 and read as a class

14. Imagine being forced from your home, separated from your family, and sent to a far away land for the rest of your life!! • P.109 “A Lasting Identity” • Read this as a class • Complete and pass in question (b) at the end of page 109 for homework

15. The Struggle for Control (p.110) • In order for the British to take control of Canada, they had to capture 2 French centres of power: Louisbourg and Quebec

16. 1. Louisbourg

18. The Siege of Louisbourg • The British sent a huge force of ships to siege Louisbourg – they blocked all of the ways in and out of the fortress • They sank the French ships, then fired canonballs at the fortress for 7 WEEKS! • Eventually, Louisbourg surrendered

20. The battle for Quebec • The British immediately went to Fortress Quebec • Quebec was very heavily guarded, and it would not be easy...

22. The Two Sides: • French commander: Marquis de Montcalm

23. British commander: General James Wolfe

24. The Quebec fortress was very well-defended. It had huge, strong walls, and could not be surrounded – Wolfe needed in, but couldn’t get in • Montcalm was safe, but needed reinforcements from France – his only hope was to wait

25. The 2 sides fought for 9 weeks • The British even started to burn habitant farms • Time was running out for Wolfe – winter was coming, and his army would not be able to survive it

26. Wolfe decided to send a large army (4400) towards the fortress to surprise the French during the night. The place was called the “Plains of Abraham” • The next morning, Montcalm and 4000 soldiers left the fortress walls to meet the British. • This decision led to the defeat of Quebec

27. Both Montcalm and Wolfe died in the battle Marquis de Montcalm General James Wolfe

28. 1300 soldiers died – the bloodiest battle in Canadian history

29. First Nations & The War • Most FN fought with the French • The Haud. Fought with the British

30. After the war, the French and English signed a peace treaty • It gave most of the land to the British • FN lost their land • They considered going to war with the British…

31. Pontiac • A FN man named Pontiac began getting FN ready for war • He was leader of the Odawa • 1763: the Odawa take control of a British fort near Detroit • They captured 10 English forts • He hoped the French would help, but they didn’t

32. P.115: “tactics” vs. strength

33. Afterwards… • FN wanted to stop the wars and live in peace • French citizens wondered if they would be able to keep their traditions • The British were worried: • Many of their “citizens” were French – they spoke a different language, followed diff. Laws, and had a diff. Religion • How could they make the French and FN loyal to Britain?

34. What to do with New France? • Choices: • Eviction: send the French to live somewhere else • Assimilation: force Canadiens to give up their language and religion and become “British” • Accomodation: leave the French alone and let them live like they wanted

35. The Royal Proclamation • Britain decided to assimilate • FNs and French would have to lose their culture and language • Any British person who wanted to move to Canada had to move to Quebec!

36. First Nations • Britain realized it had to give the FNs some of their demands • FNs were given land to live on in the West

37. The Quebec Act • Britain’s choice to assimilate the French failed • Not many English-speaking people would move to Quebec • In the South, Britain began having trouble with the 13 colonies – they did not want the French to fight back again

38. What the French got: • More land • Aboriginal land around Quebec was given back to FNs • French language recognized Bilingualism:Canada had (and still does have) 2 official languages • French had their own government • Freedom of religion • French system of law