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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. The Organic Molecules of Life. Organic Compounds . All Organic compounds contain CARBON. How are large organic molecules formed?. Monomers combine to form polymers. A monomer ( mono=one and mer =parts ) are basic units that repeat over and over.

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry The Organic Molecules of Life

  2. Organic Compounds • All Organic compounds contain CARBON

  3. How are large organic molecules formed? • Monomers combine to form polymers. • A monomer (mono=one and mer=parts) are basic units that repeat over and over. • A polymer is a large molecule (poly = many and mer = parts)

  4. Macromolecules • Monomer Polymer

  5. Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation reaction) • Formation of large molecules • A water molecule is removed

  6. Hydrolysis Hydro = water; lysis = to separate Polymers are broken down into monomers. Water is added and the polymer comes apart. Hydrolysis is the reverse of dehydration synthesis

  7. Hydrolysis

  8. Animation- dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis Disaccharide - YouTube.wmv

  9. Carbohydrates

  10. Testing for carbohydrates SUGAR • Benedict’s Reagent turns orange in the presence of simple sugars STARCH • Iodine turns black in the presence of starch

  11. Carbohydrates • Made of C, H & O in a 1:2:1 ratio • C- carbon • H- hydrogen • O- oxygen What is an example of this ratio? C H O

  12. Monomer of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide- (simple sugars) • 1. Glucose (“fuel of life”) • 2. Fructose (fruit sugar) • 3. Galactose (milk sugar)

  13. Carbohydrates Function: • Used as a main source of ENERGY • Examples - Pasta, bread, soda, Kool-Aid, candy, fruit juice

  14. Disaccharides • Double sugars (Composed of two Monosaccharides)- C12H22O12

  15. Polysaccharides • Many sugars (stored sugars) • Composed of many monosaccharides and disaccharides. • Glycogen- energy storage in animals • Starch- energy storage in plants • Cellulose- gives plants strength and rigidity • Chitinis the major component in the exoskeleton of arthropods

  16. Animation- Carbohydrates http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

  17. Lipids

  18. Testing for Lipid Use a brown paper bag. Paper bag leaves a ring when a lipid is put on the bag.

  19. Lipids • Made of C, H, O (greater #s of H)

  20. Monomer for Lipids • Building blocks are 3 fatty acids and a glycerol • There is no real monomer for a lipid

  21. Lipids • Uses: insulation, make up parts of cell membranes, protects organs and waterproof coverings • Examples: Fats, oils, and waxes • (won’t dissolve in water)

  22. Ways to recognize a lipid… Shaped like a letter E Large and long molecule 3 Fatty acid chains

  23. Lipids produced by animals are generally solids at room temperature. • Saturated lipids (fats): all carbon in the fatty acid chains are single bonded

  24. Lipids produced by plants are generally liquids at room temperature. • Unsaturated lipid (fats): • the fatty acid component contains C bonded to C using a double bond or a triple bond

  25. Saturated versus Unsaturated

  26. Lipid formation animation http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=10&debug=0

  27. Proteins

  28. Testing for Protein Biuret reagent will turn violet in the presence of protein

  29. Proteins • Contain C, H, O, N, S

  30. Monomers of Proteins • Monomers called AMINO ACIDS • Contain an amine group (-NH2) and a Carboxyl group (-COOH) bound to a carbon • 20+ amino acids found in nature • R-Group makes each amino acid different

  31. Protein • Functions-Form bones, muscle, finger nails, hair • Uses: Help transport substances into or out of the cell • Control Reaction Rates- enzymes • Examples: in meat, beans, fish

  32. Animation- Protein http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

  33. How can proteins change? http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/proteinstructure.html

  34. Nucleic Acids

  35. Testing for nucleic acids • Testing can see if DNA is present… • DNA fingerprinting

  36. Nucleic Acids • Macromolecules containing C,H,O,N,P

  37. Monomers for Nucleic Acids • Monomers are called NUCLEOTIDES • Nucleotides are made of a 5-C sugar, phosphate group, & Nitrogen base. NUCLEOTIDE

  38. Nucleic Acids • Uses: Store and transmit genetic information- to determine appearance and behavior. • Examples: • Deoxyribonucleic acids- DNA • Ribonucleic Acid- RNA

  39. Summary of Organic Monomers and polymers

  40. Enzymes • A CATALYST -speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. • ENZYMES -proteins that act as biological catalysts. • Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

  41. Enzyme Action • The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as SUBSTRATES. • Enzymes bond to substrates using a lock and key model. • The substrate attaches to the enzyme at the ACTIVE SITE. • If Exposed to extreme temperatures or pH, an enzyme may DENATURE, or change shape so that the substrate no longer fits and the enzyme will not work.

  42. Enzyme Action Lock and Key Model Denatured Enzyme

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