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Quiz on “how to tame a plant”

Quiz on “how to tame a plant”. What plant, mentioned by the author, is conspicuous in its absence from the list of domesticated plants? List three desirable traits of a plant that would make it a good candidate for domestication. Agriculture- Part II. Modern agriculture -Ohio & NW Ohio

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Quiz on “how to tame a plant”

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  1. Quiz on “how to tame a plant” • What plant, mentioned by the author, is conspicuous in its absence from the list of domesticated plants? • List three desirable traits of a plant that would make it a good candidate for domestication.

  2. Agriculture- Part II Modern agriculture -Ohio & NW Ohio -Problems -Biotechnology

  3. Fig. 14.1

  4. Ohio Agriculture • See overheads & file (ohio ag facts)

  5. Crop loss in the U.S. (1982) Croprecord yieldaverage yield (=21%) corn 19300 4600 wheat 14500 1880 soybeans 7390 1610 oats 10600 1720 sorghum 20100 2830 barley 11400 2050 potatoes 94100 28300 s. beets 121000 42600

  6. % of crop loss due to: • Diseases = 4.1 (U.S. lower than elsewhere) • Insects = 2.6 • Weeds = 2.6 • Unfavorable environment = 69.1 • 40% of this to drought • 20% to flooding • 14% to cold

  7. Crop development • Occurring since domestication of plants • Through artificial selection • Use of hydrids & grafting • Propogation of desirable genotypes • Homogenizing individuals • To transgenic plants

  8. Fig. 14.7a

  9. Fig. 14.7b

  10. Fig. 14.16

  11. Fig. 14.14a

  12. Fig. 14.24b

  13. Fig. 14.18

  14. Fig. 14.17

  15. Fig. 14.21

  16. Fig. 14.23

  17. Fig. 14.22

  18. The Green Revolution • Has increased yields 2-4x over ca. 50 years • Using high-yield disease-resistant varieties + lots of: • fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides, mechanization, & irrigation • mainly corn, wheat, & rice • Dr. Norman Borlaug • Father of GR; dwarf & disease-resistant wheat; Nobel Peace Prize 1970 • Sustainable? Fairly available?

  19. Fig. 14.9

  20. Fig. 14.10

  21. Fig. 14.12

  22. Fig. 14.11

  23. Fig. 14.13

  24. Fig. 14.26

  25. Fig. 14.27

  26. Fig. 14.28

  27. Fig. 14.14

  28. Fig. 14.15

  29. Transgenic crops • Most are either GM for: • herbicide tolerance (glyphosphate=Round-Up) (poisons shikimic-acid pathway, so plants & fungi, but not animals) • insect resistance (Bacillus thuringiensis genes) (range of insecticidal proteins, but doesn’t kill vertebrates; reduces use of pesticides) • or both • See overheads

  30. Some “hot topics” in agriculture • Transgenics* • Non-plant products from plants* • Phytoremediation* • Developing new crops* • Enhancing crop quality* • Increasing crop water & nutrient use efficiency • Increasing stress tolerance (temp, drought, salt) • Preserving crop genetic diversity for the future* • Development of resistant weeds and pests • Environmental damage (e.g., from run-off)

  31. Transgenic concerns Human health risks? Allergic reactions from non-plant proteins? [Mostly minor] Philosophical issues? e.g., Europe Developing-country concerns? Have to buy seeds, pesticides, etc., from company; intellectual property rights Gene escape? [YES, and it’s not reversible!] Due to hybridization, pollen flow, & human error/disregard. No fail-safe method to stop. Superweeds? [YES…already happening!] (article) Toxic effects on non-target organisms? [Minor?] e.g., monarch butterflies

  32. Non-plant products • Using transgenic techniques to create plants that make non-plant substances • E.g., edible or huge-volume of human medicines, plastics (see Botany global issues map), fuel oil, etc. • See overhead

  33. Phytoremediation • Using grasses, trees, herbs (e.g., mustards), ferns, crops (see Botany global issues map) • Remove soil/water contaminants and accumulate in tissues (e.g., shoots) • Remove plants & dispose • Can use for a wide range of substances • (e.g., metals, radioactivity, organics) • Can require site-specific research

  34. Developing new crops • Amaranth • Eastern gama grass • Quinoa • Oca • Tarwi

  35. Enhancing crop quality • Increasing oil or protein content e.g., in corn and soybean • Changing protein/oil composition Lysine & tryptophan in corn (BGI map) • Increasing mineral or vitamin content Carotene (Vit A) in golden rice (BGI map) (50% of humans get 80% of calories from rice) Work underway on high-Fe crops

  36. Irrigation • Makes soil salty • Uses fresh water

  37. *most major crops have only a few cultivars in use *so high risk to disaster loss *most natural variation for crops is lost *seed/germplasm banks keep genetic variation for safety

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