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Maritime Gateways as Paradigms of Globalization

Maritime Gateways as Paradigms of Globalization. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, New York, USA Email: ecojpr@hofstra.edu Paper available at: http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/Jean-paul_Rodrigue.

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Maritime Gateways as Paradigms of Globalization

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  1. Maritime Gateways as Paradigms of Globalization Jean-Paul RodrigueAssociate Professor, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, New York, USA Email: ecojpr@hofstra.edu Paper available at: http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/Jean-paul_Rodrigue

  2. Elements of the Maritime / Land Interface Foreland (Shipping Network) Maritime Freight Distribution Port System Gateways Road Rail Coastal / Fluvial Inland FreightDistribution Corridors and Hubs Hinterland (FDC)

  3. Gateways and Hubs as Central and Intermediate Locations • Gateways & hubs • Nodes offering an accessibility to a large system of circulation. • Obligatory (semi) points of passage. • Convergence of transport corridors. • Centrality and intermediacy. • Gateways • Favorable physical location. • Intermodal and stable in time. • Hubs • Transmodal and subject to change. • Commercial decisions. • Delays vs. frequency of services. Intermodal Gateway Transmodal Hub

  4. Changes in the Global Trade Environment Immobile Factors of Production Before 1970s Bulk point-to-point Country A Country B Mobility of Factors of Production 1970s – 1990s Container shipping Global Production Networks 1990s onward Commodity chain GlobalMarket CommodityMarket

  5. GPN The Emergence of Gateways Flows Network Stage Parts and raw materials Bulk shipping Commodity Gateway High volumes Low frequency Unit shipping Manufacturing and assembly Supply Chain Average volumes High frequency Manufacturing Gateway Transport Chain Distribution LTL shipping Commercial Gateway Low volumes High frequency Market Market

  6. Four Paradigms for Gateways Functional Customer Shipper Logistical Transport Demand Pull Valorization Infrastructural Spatial Locational Trimodal Container Terminal, Willebroek, Belgium

  7. First Paradigm: Locations  Container Ports Global Port Operators Container yard, Port of Yantian, China

  8. Traffic at the 50 Largest Container Ports, 2005

  9. Major Port Holdings, 2007

  10. The Strategies of Port Operators

  11. Port Terminal Operations Inland Modes and Terminals Distribution Centers Commodity Chain (Channels) Following a “Value Capture” Strategy Maritime Services Port Holding Port Authority Port Services Inland Services Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration / Vertical Maritime Shipping

  12. Second Paradigm: Infrastructures  Containerization Freight Corridors Container waiting to be loaded, Shenzhen, China

  13. Paradigm Shifts in Containerization Container port Containerization of Maritime Transport Systems Intermodal terminal Pendulum Services Corridor Containerization of Inland Transport Systems Intermodal and Transmodal Operations

  14. Types and Functions of Freight Corridors

  15. SEZ Corridor Gateways and Hinterland Effect Pacific Asia North American West Coast Efficient Inland Freight Distribution Inefficient Inland Freight Distribution

  16. Container Transport Costs from Inland China to US West Coast ($US per TEU)

  17. Tokaido Yellow SeaRim Prince Rupert Sunan Delta Taiwan / Fujian Pearl River Delta Puget Sound San Francisco Bay San Pedro Bay Singapore Ensenada Container Traffic at Major Transpacific Container Ports: Mirror Images?

  18. Hinterland Setting and Major Economic Regions North America Western Europe East and Southeast Asia Coastal concentration Landbridge connections Inland concentration Coastal gateways Coastal concentration Low hinterland access Gateway hierarchy Freight Corridor hierarchy Hinterland intensity

  19. Main North American Trade Corridors and Metropolitan Freight Centers

  20. Third Paradigm: Transportation (Flows)  Imbalanced Trade Flows Imbalanced Container Flows Maritime Shipping Networks APL Distribution Center, Shenzhen, China

  21. World’s 10 Largest Exporters and Importers, 2006

  22. Balance of Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 1995-2006

  23. Major US Modal Gateways, 2004

  24. Liner Shipping Networks: Variety of Scales and Services Regional Port System Regional Port System Conventional liner / break bulk services Mainline services Feeder services Third order network First order network Second order network

  25. Three Major Pendulum Routes Serviced by OOCL, 2006

  26. Circum Hemispheric Rings of Circulation Pacific Connector Singapore North American Landbridge Eurasian Landbridge Arctic Routes Colombo Kingston Atlantic Connector Gioia Tauro Algeciras Circum-Equatorial Maritime Highway Jeddah

  27. Fourth Paradigm: Logistics  Production / Distribution Embeddedness Gateways and Logistics Chassis waiting to be picked, Corwith Rail Yard, Chicago

  28. Level of Embeddedness of Production and Distribution Embeddedness PureCustomization Tailored Customization Pure Standardization Segmented Standardization Customized Standardization Design Design Design Design Design Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts Assembly Assembly Assembly Assembly Assembly Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution Market Market Market Market Market Processingwithout order Shipment to order Assembly to order Manufacturingto order Design to order Pull (response) Push (expectation)

  29. Embedding Gateways and Logistics Massification Atomization Frequency Capacity REGIONAL LOCAL HINTERLAND GLOBAL Shipping Network Corridor Segment Customer “Last Mile” Inland Terminal Distribution Center Gateway

  30. M2 M1 Overcoming Uncertainty in Freight Distribution Efficient transport systems Supply chain management Functional Integration p(T) p(Ta) T0 Ta Geographical Integration

  31. The Emergence of Gateway Regions Phase 2: Penetration and hinterland capture Phase 1: Scattered ports LAND SEA Phase 4: Centralization Phase 3: Interconnection & concentration Phase 6: Regionalization Phase 5: Decentralization and insertion of ‘offshore’ hub Freight corridor Regional load centre network (Gateway Region) Load center Interior centre Deepsea liner services Shortsea/feeder services

  32. Modal Shift and Freight Diversion within Gateway Regions Road Rail Port A B

  33. Conclusion: Gateways as Paradigms of Globalization Gateways Embededness Customer Shipper Logistical Network Structures Transport Corridors Infrastructural Value Capture Locational

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