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ELECTRICAL EARTHING

ELECTRICAL EARTHING. Objectives of grounding:. Provides an electrical supply system with a reference to the groundmass (system grounding) Protective grounding of electrical equipment enclosures Makes them safe to persons who may come into contact with them

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ELECTRICAL EARTHING

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  1. ELECTRICAL EARTHING

  2. Objectives of grounding: • Provides an electrical supply system with a reference to the groundmass (system grounding) • Protective grounding of electrical equipment enclosures • Makes them safe to persons who may come into contact with them • Enables the flow of fault current in the event of a failure • Provides a low impedance path for accumulated static charges and surges (lightning protection grounding) • Helps in mitigating the generation and propagation of noise (grounding of shields and signal reference planes)

  3. Earthing System Shall satisfy Safety, Functional requirements of electrical installation Shall ensure • Protection against indirect contact • Proper functioning of electrical protective devices • Protective and functional requirements are met under expected conditions • Earth fault, earth leakage currents can be carried safely • Adequate strength appropriate to external influences • Adequate value of earthing resistance

  4. Benefits (1) • Fault damage now minimal • Reduces fire hazard (especially in mines) • Lower outage times • Less lost production, less lost revenue • Touch potentials kept within safe limits • Protects human life

  5. Benefits (2) • Low Fault Currents reduce possibility of igniting gases • Minimizes explosion hazard • Lower Magnetic or thermal stresses imposed on plant during fault • Transient overvoltages limited • Prevents stressing of insulation, breaker restrikes

  6. Fault in an Ungrounded System:

  7. System grounding • Provides reference for the entire power system to groundmass • Establishes a path for current to ground during insulation failure • Provides protection against equipment damage due to faults • Provides protection against high voltage transients • Enables detection by circuit protective devices for isolation • Reduces maintenance time and expenditure

  8. Fault in Ungrounded system • Single phase ground fault does not result in flow of high fault currents • Voltage to ground of other two phases rises by 73% - Causes insulation stress • Fault current = Vector sum of capacitive currents in the distributed capacitive reactance of other two phases

  9. Fault in Ungrounded system • Intermittent first fault causes transient voltages up to 6 to 8 times nominal system voltage • Such high transient voltage can initiate a second fault at weakest insulation point • Uncleared arcing fault can cause extensive damage to system • Early detection of first fault therefore of paramount importance

  10. Effect of neutral (system) grounding:

  11. Ground fault current flow:

  12. Ungrounded System Neutral connection on Generator/ Transformer is not connected to earth at all Grounding methods 1

  13. Grounding methods 2 Solid grounding • Neutral connection on Generator / Transformer is connected to earth by a solid Conductor • Cost Reductiuons due to avoidance of sensitive relays and grounding device, Grading of insulation towards neutral end. • But Circulation of third harmonic currents between neutrals

  14. Grounding methods 3 • Resistance grounding • Neutral connection on Generator / Transformer is connected to earth (0V) through a fixed resistance to limit the earth fault current • Mainly used below 33 KV • Full line to line insulation required towards neutral

  15. Grounding methods 4 • Reactance grounding • Neutral connection on Generator / transformer is connected to earth (0V) through a fixed reactance to limit the earth fault current • Can be cheaper compared to resistance

  16. Grounding methods 5 • Petersen Coil grounding (arc suppression) • Neutral connection on transformer is connected to earth (0V) through a variable reactance to neutralise the capacitive earth fault current. Results in arc extinction

  17. Grounding methods 6 • NEC grounding (with and without resistance) • In HV delta systems no earth connection is available. A 3 phase neutral grounding compensator is connected to allow earth fault currents to flow - allowing detection of these faults

  18. Protective grounding • Protects personnel against shocks • Personnel do not experience dangerous high voltages when contacting enclosure accidentally connected to live parts • Provides a low impedance path for accumulated static charges and surges (lightning protection grounding) • Helps in mitigating the generation and propagation of noise (grounding of shields and signal reference planes)

  19. Importance for Earthing • An Electrical equipment is considered dead when • At or about zero potential • Disconnected/ Isolated from live system • Disconnection alone not adequate • Can retain stored charge • Can acquire a static charge • Can accidentally be made alive • Nearby live conductors may induce voltage

  20. Importance of Earthing • !Ensure earthing before working on electrical equipment • Earthing • Connect apparatus electrically to general mass of earth in such a manner as will ensure at all times an immediate safe discharge of electrical energy • Connect to earthed metal earth bar or spike with good metallic conductor • Earthing by • Closing of earthing links • Attaching of fixed earthing devices • Affixing of portable earthing straps

  21. Importance of Earthing • Ensure before applying earth • Earthing connection is mechanically, electrically in good condition • No broken strands • Clamps should be rigid and without defect • Applied properly in intimate contact with conductors and earth-bar/ spike • Earthing cable tails as short as possible • Connect to earth first when installing earthing, disconnect earth last while removing earthing

  22. Hazards of improper Earthing • Electrocution • Burns from arcing • Electric shock leading to falls

  23. Bonding • Connecting of various grounding systems and non current carrying parts • To achieve potential equalization between different accessible conducting surfaces • Potential difference between different accessible conducting surfaces, different grounding systems hazardous

  24. Typical Earthing System

  25. Touch, Step, Transferred Voltages

  26. Touch Voltage Permissible Touch Voltage Voltage at any point of contact with uninsulated metal work • Within 2.5 mtrs from ground surface and • Any point on ground surface within horizontal distance of 1.25 mtrs from vertical projection of point of contact with uninsulated metal work

  27. Step Voltage • Difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of 1 mtr with his feet apart, without contacting any other earthed object • Shall not exceed twice the value of Touch voltage

  28. Touch potentials (Reb =1 ) Person touches transformer tank now live

  29. Touch potentials (Reb = 10 ) Lower touch potential

  30. Transferred Potential Make Allowances for • Transferred potential during design, installation • Voltage drop in conductors (where voltage rise in earthing system is transferred by metal work to remote location) • Otherwise regard Transferred potential as earthing system voltage rise

  31. Transferred Earth Potential Rise Earthing system shall be designed to prevent • Transfer of earth grid potentials to a remote earth • Transfer of a remote earth potential into a station • Breakdown of cable over-sheaths due to voltage differences

  32. Substation grounding practices-1: • Grounding design approach depends upon: • Voltage class of the system • Type of installation (Utility or consumer) • LV Systems: • Usually solidly grounded • Metallic contact between ground of consumer and system neutral • Special cases such as SELV power supplies may be of ungrounded type

  33. Substation grounding practices-2: • MV Systems: • Self contained systems (E.g., Turbo generators): High resistance grounding • Industrial systems: Low resistance • Critical systems: Tuned grounding OR Ungrounded (for small systems) • Utilities: Solid grounding • HV/EHV Systems: Solid grounding

  34. A typical ground electrode: Materials • Copper • Copper clad steel • Galvanized steel • Copper clad stainless steel

  35. A typical chemical electrode: • Sometimes called a leach electrode • Chemical mixtures are added to lower resistance of soil • Needs regular maintenance

  36. Ground Potential Rise-Example:

  37. Ground Potential Rise-Example:

  38. Voltages in grounding system:

  39. Area of ground grid: • HV (outdoor) substations use a buried ground grid for dissipation of fault current to the soil • Lower grid resistance to earth is preferable • It reduces the ground potential rise with ref. to remote earth • Also reduces mesh voltage. Lower mesh voltage is safer because it lowers touch/step voltages • Grid of larger area has lower ground resistance and results in lower grid voltage and mesh voltage • Further reduction by using vertical electrodes welded to the grid

  40. Soil resistivity: • Soil resistivity should be based on an average of measurements done in the substation area • Simple designs assume uniform soil • Non uniform soil involves complex design steps and requires computer programs • Lower resistivity results in lower ground resistance of the grid

  41. Other issues to be taken note of: • Soil layers may differ in resistivity • Two layer soil model to be considered if variations are found to be high at different depths • Transferred potential due to buried services going to/ from the substation (water mains, cable metallic sheath) • Introduce non-conducting sections where feasible to avoid transfer of Ground potential

  42. Special attention to be paid to: • Operating handles of equipment: • Most fatalities occur due to high touch potential at these points • Should be made safe by special arrangements • Substation fence: • Decision regarding keeping isolated vs connecting to substation ground • Surge arrestors: • Short, direct and low impedance connections • GIS extensions

  43. Effective substation grounding - 1: • Size ground conductors adequately • Use proper bonding and jointing in ground conductors. Poor joints cause high temperatures during a fault to ground • Select appropriate ground electrode system • Pay attention to soil resistivity. Carry out soil improvement if resistivity is too high. Use chemical electrodes if situation warrants

  44. Effective substation grounding - 2: • Pay attention to step and touch potentials • Building foundations can also be used as grounding electrodes • Integrate fence of outdoor substations as far as possible. Avoid transferred potential from services entering or leaving a substation • Pay special attention to operating handles

  45. Effective substation grounding - 3: • Cable trays to be properly grounded • Surge arrestors to be grounded using short low impedance connections • Carry out temporary grounding for safety when personnel have to work on parts which are normally live

  46. Rings of equal potential on earth fault

  47. Recommended maximum grounding resistance values

  48. Grounding Methods - Comparison

  49. Grounding Methods - Comparison

  50. Grounding Methods - Comparison

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