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Lexis: Once upon a time: vocabulary . Two advantages: Adjectival form – lexical .

Lexis: Once upon a time: vocabulary . Two advantages: Adjectival form – lexical . More specific meaning than “vocabulary.” Lexis refers to “meaning” words rather than grammatical – or “glue” – words. (E.g., “people,” “purple” are lexical; “in,” “might” are grammatical.) . Key words.

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Lexis: Once upon a time: vocabulary . Two advantages: Adjectival form – lexical .

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  1. Lexis: Once upon a time: vocabulary. Two advantages: Adjectival form – lexical. More specific meaning than “vocabulary.” Lexis refers to “meaning” words rather than grammatical – or “glue” – words. (E.g., “people,” “purple” are lexical; “in,” “might” are grammatical.)

  2. Key words • Root/Base word: what is left when all affixes are removed • Morpheme: The smallest component of a word that carries meaning • Affix: Morpheme attached before or after base word to change its meaning • Prefix: Affix before a base word • Suffix: Affix after a base word • Inflectional suffix: Suffix that changes the grammar of a noun, verb, adjective • Derivational suffix: Suffix that changes the changes the word class (e.g. adjective to noun: slow – slowness. • Derivational prefix: Prefix that changes the meaning of a word – e.g. pick/unpick • Absolute/Comparative/Superlative: Many adjectives have three forms. • Tall (absolute) • Taller (comparative – “taller than…”) • Tallest (superlative – the most tall)

  3. What could you say about the way the following words are ‘made’? Root word: What is left when all prefixes and suffixes are removed. Also called the base word. Root/base word: pick Prefix: Un Root/base word: pick Prefix: Un- Suffix: -ed Compound word: word: chair; man Made up of 2 free morphemes Root/base word: pig Suffix: s (pluralisation) Pick Unpick Unpicked Pigs Barked Unlikely Motherhood Salty Cherry Taller Chairman Hardship Player

  4. Emerging meanings • Portmanteaus & compounds • Portmanteau: blend of parts from two words (“slithey” = slimy + lithe) • Compound: two complete words joined to make a single word (chairman) • Neologisms • Also “coinages”: new words • Antonomasia • Use of proper nouns in broad/generic/figurative sense (e.g., “Shakespeare” = writer; Hoover = any vacuum cleaner) • Polysemy • Multiple or many meanings

  5. Key words • Synonym – two words which have the same meaning • Antonym – the opposite to another word • Polyseme – a word with more than one meaning.

  6. Polysemes & idioms can affect lexical/semantic clarity. Idiom: Phrase or sentence that cannot be understood by a literal, word-by-word definition/“translation”; often metaphorical; functions as complete lexical unit, or lexeme.

  7. Semantic Field:An area, or field, of meaning, and the words associated with that field. Semantic fields contains words with related senses. • E.g. “Red,” “blue,” “purple” all belong to the semantic field of…

  8. Hyponym (“hypo-” under): A word whose sense/meaning is included in that of a broader, “umbrella” term. E.g., “daisy” is a hyponym of “flower.” The abstract noun form is “hyponymy.” • Hypernym (“hyper-” over): A term that includes the senses/meanings of its hyponyms. • Meronym: A term which is included in a larger, inclusive term, because the meronym is a part of the whole. E.g. “page,” “cover,” “spine” are meronyms of “book.” Abstract noun: meronymy.

  9. Denotation: The meaning/reference of a word. Connotation: The associations/suggestions of a word. Usage: This word has connotations of… This word denotes… This word is connotative of…

  10. What is sociolinguistics? Key Words • What is sociolinguistics? • Sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and society. Social factors can affect language, just as language can shape the ways we think about, or construct, society.

  11. Dialect A way of speaking, particular to an area or region, which has distinct syntax and vocabulary. Sociolect A way of speaking, particular to a social group (e.g., the difference between adults and teenagers, within the same region; a way of speaking associated with a social class). Idiolect The way of speaking particular to an individual.

  12. What is sociolinguistics? Ways of speaking (not necessarily to do only/primarily with dialect, sociolect, idiolect): • Change from above:deliberately changing certain habits of speech (“h” dropping) • Change from below: the “natural”/“accidental” change in language habits – change from below often leads to stereotype...

  13. Phoneme – basic units of sound from which language is built. (NOT the same as saying “letter”; different letters may represent the same phoneme • Alliteration – deliberate use of words beginning with the same sound • Assonance – repetition of vowel sounds for effect • Onomatopoeia – the sound of the word itself resembles the sound/event described. (Lexical onomatopoeia – meaningful onomatopoeic words [“bang,” “clatter”]; non-lexical – e.g., “vroom”) • Rhyme – repetition/correspondence of words’ final sounds (“behold,” “cold”) • Rhythm – pattern or flow created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables

  14. Graphology: Any layout/presentational features • Comment on how graphological features impact on/affect meaning. • Avoid saying: “This text has lots of graphology.” Instead: “This text has several significant/interesting graphological features...”

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