Biology Review

1. Biology Review • Starting off with male vs. female comparison!

4. Characteristics of Living Things: MR GOSEA Maintain homeostasis Reproduce Grow and develop Organization (cells→tissues →organs) Stimulus (responds to) Energy Adapt and Evolve

5. Levels of organization continued • Organelles (specific function “parts of cell”) • Cell (functional unit of life) • plasma membrane • cytosol + organelles = cytoplasm • tissues (cells of one type working together) • organs multiple types of tissues working together • organ system - multiple organs with common theme

6. Level of organization continued • Organism “a living thing” bacterium to human • population all the members of one species in a specific area “pack of wolves” • community all the organisms within a specific area (many species) • ecosystem all the biotic and abiotic components of a small area “pond ecosystem”

7. Levels of organization continued • Biomes - general areas with uniform plant life due to levels of precipitation and temperatures. • Biosphere- The life supporting portion of the earth. • Biosphere II self contained building to make a mini earth in a bubble. • GAIA- Earth is like an organism with homeostatic control “James Lovelock”

8. Scientific Method • The Scientific Method is the method by which scientists use to solve problems. • A hypothesis is a possible explanation for a problem. • The control in an experiment is what is used for comparison in an experiment. • Independent variable are variables that the experimenter changes. • Dependent variables change as a result of the independent variable.

9. A Study of Fertilizer on Bean Plants:Experimental Design: a. I will place two bean plants in separate flower pots. b. In one pot I will put some Phytogro, a commercial fertilizer. c. In the other pot, I will put some manure that I will get from my cat’s litter box. d. I will put one pot under my bedroom lamp and the other on my windowsill. e. After 2 days, I will see which plant grew best. List the experimental faults that you find with this setup: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

10. electron proton neutron Hydrogen Helium Chemistry/Biochemistry • Living things are made of organic compounds. • Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons. • Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons.

12. Covalent Bonding Atoms share a pair or pairs of electrons to fill outermost shell • Single covalent bond • Double covalent bond • Triple covalent bond Molecular hydrogen

13. Polar or Nonpolar Bonds • Nonpolar if atoms share electrons equally • Hydrogen gas (H - H) • Polar if electrons spend more time near nucleus with most protons • Water • Electrons more attracted to O nucleus than to H nuclei

14. Hydrogen Bonding • Atom in one polar covalent molecule is attracted to oppositely charged atom in another such molecule or in same molecule Water molecule Ammonia molecule Figure 2.11aPage 27

15. Hydrogen Bonding in DNA Figure 2.11dPage 27

16. The pH Scale • Measures H+ concentration of fluid • Change of 1 on scale means 10X change in H+ concentration Highest H+ Lowest H+ 0---------------------7-------------------14 Acidic Neutral Basic

17. Normal (HbA) leucine proline valine histidine threonine glutamate glutamate Chemistry/Biochemistry • The four main organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • Proteins are made up of amino acids and function in the building, repairing cells and give you your characteristics. • Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides and function in providing energy. • Lipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids and function in energy storage and insulation. • Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides and carry genetic information A B C D

18. Basic Macromolecules Review Chart: Structure Related to Function

19. starting substance activation energy without enzyme activation energy with enzyme energy released by the reaction products forward reaction Chemistry/Biochemistry • Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

20. Table IIpH for Optimum Activity Digest This Information • Which enzyme works best in strong acids? • Which enzyme would be found in the mouth? • Which part of the digestive system would you most likely find pepsin? • What are the 4 major factors that affect the rate of enzyme activity?

21. Figure 1.5. A schematic diagram showing the effect of the temperature on the activity of an enzyme catalysed reaction (RED LINE). • At what temperature is the enzyme the most active? • At what temperature is the enzyme at the fastest rate? • At 40 degrees C, what is the % activity of this enzyme.

22. Ecology • Rachel Carson was an environmentalist that worked with DDT. • Abiotic factors are the nonliving aspects of an environment. • Biotic factors include all living parts of an environment. • Niche is the role an organism plays in its environment. • An organism’s habitat is where it lives.

23. Ecology • A symbiotic relationship is any kind of relationship between two organisms where at least one organism always benefits. • Mutualism is a relationship whereby both organisms benefit. • Commensalism is a relationship whereby one organism benefits and the other is not effected. • Parasitism is a relationship whereby one organism benefits and the other is harmed. • Prey is the source of food for the predator.

24. Good BuddiesCommunity Interactions: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism For each sentence, write each organism that is involved in the biotic relationship followed by a + if they are being helped, - if they are being harmed, or 0 if they are unaffected 1. Barnacles create their homes by attaching themselves to whales Example: Barnacle +, Whales 0 2. The stork uses a sawlike bill to cut up the dead animals it eats. As a result, the dead animal carcass is accessible to some bees for food and egg-laying 3. Mistletoe extracts water and nutrients from the spruce tree. 4. Honey guide birds alert and direct badgers to bee hives. The badgers then expose the hives and feed on the honey first. Then the honey guide bird eats. 5. Ticks feed on deer blood.

25. Ecology • A limiting factor is anything that limits the size of a population. • Carrying capacity is the maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can support. • Succession is the rebuilding of an ecosystem after a major disturbance such as a fire or volcano. • A climax community is when the ecosystem has reached its peak and will no longer have large amounts of growth.

27. Interaction of density-dependent factors 250 Control 200 Lizards removed 150 Number ofweb-building spiders 100 50 0 Apr July Oct Jan Apr July Oct Jan Apr July Oct Jan Apr July Oct Jan Apr July Oct Jan Apr July Oct Jan 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Time (year, month)

28. Ecology • Global warming is the trapping of warm air close to the Earth’s surface and is the result of too much carbon being released in the atmosphere. • Adaptive responses are behaviors an organism does to increase chances of survival. • Mimicry occurs when one organism is trying to behave like another organism to escape predation. • A behavior that an animal is born with is called innate. • Imprinting is a behavior that an animal undergoes when it attaches to the first thing that it sees, assuming that the object or organism will be its caretaker. • Circadian rhythm is based on a 24 hour cycle.

29. CYCLES Water: Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, seepage, runoff, uptake by plants, transpiration Carbon: Cellular Respiration, decomposition, Photosynthesis, Burning of fossil fuels, all organic molecules contain carbon Nitrogen: Nitrogen Fixation (gas to solid fertilizer by nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodules on plant roots), denitrification, fertilizer runoff, DNA/RNA Phosphorous: Not a in gaseous form, in rocks and soils, fertilizers, in DNA/RNA

30. Human Impacts • Air pollution (burning of fossil fuels) • Leads to smog, acid rain, global warming (greenhouse gases), climate change, CFCs destroying ozone • Land pollution and water pollution • Habitat destruction! • Clearcutting forests • Runoff of chemicals and fertilizers • Non-native species, overhunting/fishing, deforestation…overall degradation of resources!

32. Cell • The cell is the basic unit of all living things. • The nucleus functions in controlling activities of the cell. • The cell wall is found only in plant cells and adds a layer of protection. • Vacuoles provide storage for excess materials. • Proteins are made in the ribosomes. • Plasma membrane maintains homeostasis in the cell. • Energy for the cell is produced in the mitochondria. • Chloroplasts are the site where photosynthesis takes place in the plant cell.

33. Eukaryotic cell examples • Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus. (ex. Animal or plant cell)

34. Microscopes… Difference btw Hooke and Leeuwenhoek?

35. Cell • Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles or a nucleus. (ex. Bacteria)

36. Kingdom Comparison of CytologyPut a check mark indicating which category of each pairing best describes that kingdom. Pro=before or Eu=true + Karyote=cell nucleus Auto=self or Hetero=other + Troph=feed

37. What Kingdom (s)?

38. Cell • Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment. • Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport – transport that does not require energy. • Active transport requires energy because particles are moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.

39. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html Animation of Dynamic Selective Permeability

40. White Blood Cells (T cells) • Helps fight disease • Strengthen immunity

41. Cell • Mitosis is the process of cell division in body cells whereby diploid cells are produced. • Meiosis is the process of cell division in gametes whereby haploid cells are produced. • A zygote is a fertilized egg.

42. interphase G1 S telophase anaphase Mitosis G2 metaphase prophase

43. Interphase Early Prophase Late Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase microtubules nucleus pair of centrioles plasma membrane nuclear envelope Stepped Art

44. List differences between Mitosis and Meiosis. Meiosis

45. Parts of: a Chromosome…? DNA…?

46. SUNLIGHT PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration • Respiration is used to make energy and takes place in the mitochondria. • The reactants for aerobic respiration are glucose and oxygen and produces water, carbon dioxide, and energy. • Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces small amounts of energy along with lactic acid or alcohol. • ATP is the form of energy in the cell produced in the mitochondria. • Energy is stored in ATP in the bonds that hold the phosphates together. • Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

47. Mitochondria

48. cuticle upper epidermis leaf vein xylem palisade mesophyll phloem spongy mesophyll lower epidermis products of photosynthesis water, minerals cuticle-coated cell of lower epidermis one stoma oxygen and water vapor carbon dioxide

49. Parts of a Chloroplast…

50. DNA / Protein Synthesis • In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of the DNA double helix. (Won a Nobel Prize) • DNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides that include a nitrogen base, a phosphate, and a sugar. • A mutation is a change in the DNA code that can lead to a change in protein production. • Hydrogen bonds hold the nitrogen bases together of complimentary DNA strands. • DNA replication involves the copying of a DNA strand.