Biology Review

1. Biology Review

2. Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function B.4 The student knows that Cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. (A) Compare and Contrast Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

3. Organization of Organisms • Cell • Tissue • Organ • System • Organism Give examples of each type.

4. Cells • A cell is the basic unit of life.  • All living organisms are composed of cells. • Cells arise from pre-existing cells.   • Cells contain hereditary information which is passed on during cell division • Cells have similar chemical composition. • Energy flows within the cell (metabolism). • Prokaryotes • Eukaryotes • Plant vs. Animal Cells

5. Prokaryotes • Characteristics: • No nuclear membrane (genetic material dispersed throughout cytoplasm) • No membrane-bound organelles • Simple internal structure • Most primitive type of cell • Examples: • Staphylococcus • Escherichia coli (E. coli) • Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments and are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification.

6. Prokaryotes • Structure and Function of parts: • F • Cell M • Cell W • C • N • C • R • P Source: Organism, McGraw Hill

7. Eukaryotes • Characteristics: • Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material • Numerous membrane-bound organelles • Complex internal structure • Examples: • Paramecium • Multi-cellular organism cells • Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. Members of the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals) all have eukaryotic.

8. Eukaryotes - Animal • Structure and Function of Parts: • GA • N • NM • M • V • Cell M • Smooth ER • N • R • Rough ER • C • L Source: Animal Cell, Nancy Kellogg

9. Eukaryotes - Plant • Structure and Functions of parts: • N • N • NM • RER • SER • V • CM • CW • C • M • C Source: Plant Cell, Carol Allen, Franklin Public Schools GA R

10. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

12. Plants vs. Animals What are the major differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?

13. Comparing Types of Cells Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplasts Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Nucleoid Region Nucleolus Pili Ribosomes

14. Parts of a Cell Cell Membrane - forms the outer boundary of the cell and allows only certain materials to move into or out of the cell Cytoplasm - a gel-like material inside the cell;  it contains water and nutrients for the cell Nucleus - directs the activity of a cell; it contains chromosomes with the DNA Nuclear Membrane - separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm Chloroplasts: Use sunlight to create food by photosynthesis

15. Parts of a Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum - moves materials around in the cell Ribosomes- make protein for the cell Golgi Bodies - are used for packaging and secreting of energy Mitochondria - break down food and release energy to the cell Lysosomes - are chemicals used to digest waste Vacuoles - are storage areas for the cell Cell Wall: for support

16. Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function B.4 The student knows that Cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. (B) Investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

17. Cellular Transport • Plasma membrane controls homeostasis (balance) • Structure – composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins “gates” • Function – acts as a selectively permeable boundary around the cell

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20. Types of Passive Transport – no energy required • Diffusion – moves substances from high to low concentrations down their concentration gradient • 2) Osmosis – the diffusion of water from high to lower water concentrations down its concentration gradient • Ex) cell in salt water – shrivels • Ex) cell in fresh water swells • 3) Facilitated diffusion– movement of a substance down its concentration through a transport protein channel Active Transport– requires energy – moves substances against the concentration gradient from low to high concentrations

21. Photosynthesis • The process used by producers to convert sunlight to chemical energy in glucose • Overall equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Occurs in the palisade layer of leaves (yellow layer under the upper epidermis)

22. Large numbers of chloroplasts are found in these mesophyll cells. Chloroplasts are the cellular site of photosynthesis. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs on the inner membrane called the thylakoid. The dark reaction (aka Calvin Cycle) occurs in the stroma Pigments absorb light energy Chlorophyll / carotenoids Input Output Light Reaction light, water O2, ATP NADPH Dark Reaction ATP, CO2 GLUCOSE NADPH

23. Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down food to release its energy. This energy is then stored in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) Three parts to ATP 1) adenine (Nbase) 2) ribose (5-C sugar) 3) 3 phosphates (high energy) ATP/ADP cycle – when energy is needed for cell work ATP loses a phosphate to become ADP Overall equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

24. Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic • Aerobic Anaerobic • O2 required no O2 required • most organisms are aerobes few anaerobes (yeast/bacteria) • 38 ATP 2 ATP • 3 steps 2 steps • glycolysis 1. glycolysis • Krebs cycle 2. fermentation • electron transport (alcoholic and lactic acid) • Glycolysis is the first step of both forms of respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm If no oxygen is present after glycolysis, then fermentation occurs If oxygen is present, then the Krebs cycle and e-transport occur in the mitochondria

25. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/800px-CellRespiration.svg.pnghttp://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/800px-CellRespiration.svg.png

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27. http://www.personal.psu.edu/smh5089/blogs/henning/chemios_il.jpghttp://www.personal.psu.edu/smh5089/blogs/henning/chemios_il.jpg

28. Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function B.4 The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. (C) Compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza

29. Viruses • A virus is a nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids. • Viruses are not-living because they do not have the ability to reproduce on their own. They must be inside a host cell in order to reproduce. • Viruses differ widely in terms of size and structure. Most viruses are so small they can be seen only with the aid of a powerful electron microscope. Source: Flu Virus, Lenny Stoute, Digital Journal Source: Bacteriaphage, Texas A&M University

30. Viruses vs. Eukaryotes • DNA/RNA • Nucleus • Chloroplasts • Cell Membrane • Ribosomes • Capsid

31. Lytic Cycle of Viruses • Most viruses reproduce through a process called lytic infection.  • During lytic infection a virus enters the host cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst, or lyse.

32. Lysogenic Infection • A lysogenic virus does not cause the cell wall to burst right away. • Instead, a lysogenic virus is inactive for a period of time. • In lysogenic infection, the viral nucleic acid is inserted into the host's DNA, where it is copied along with the host DNA. • Virus DNA multiplies as the host cells multiply. • Each new daughter cells created are infected with the virus. • Virus DNA that becomes embedded in the host's DNA is called a prophage.  • The prophage may remain part of the DNA of the host cell for many generations.

33. Influences from the environment such as radiation, heat, and certain chemicals trigger the prophage to become active. It then removes itself from the host DNA and enters the lytic cycle.

34. Bacteria vs. Viruses • Bacteria are minute life forms which can cause infections in humans. • Bacteria have the ability to adapt quickly to their surroundings. • Their goal is to survive and multiply. • This ability to adapt to their surroundings is the basis of antibiotic resistance. • Surviving contact with that antibiotic allows the bacteria to resist it in future contacts. • A virus is an infectious agent, smaller than bacteria, which requires the cells of a living organism to grow or reproduce. • Viruses cause a variety of infectious diseases, among them the common cold, diarrhea, chicken pox, yellow fever, most childhood respiratory diseases and the majority of infections of the upper respiratory passages.

36. In animal cells like the one shown below, which organelle is used for storing water?

39. Some bacteria in ground beef can cause illness when consumed. Based on the information in the label below, these bacteria can survive and rapidly multiply only -

42. The photograph below shows a virus attacking a human T cell (immune cell). Which disease could result if many T cells are destroyed in this manner?