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Greek Architecture Orders & columns . PRESENTED BY MEENAKSHI TYAGI. Introduction. Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the cultural foundation of Western Civilization .
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Greek Architecture Orders & columns PRESENTED BY MEENAKSHI TYAGI
Introduction • Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the cultural foundation of Western Civilization. • Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of Europe. • Ancient Greek civilization has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art and architecture of the modern world. • Geographically Greece is located near Mediterranean sea. • Ample supply of good building stone, Marble. • Climate : between rigorous cold to relaxing heat. • Clear intensity of light – development of precise and exact forms. • Extensive Porticoes, Colonnades due to hot summer sun and sudden winter showers
Architectural Character • Greek Architecture was essentially Columnar and Trabeated. • Simple structures, No Arch, Vault, Dome. • All types of stone walls– coursed rubble, fine Ashlar • No mortar, Well bonded, minimized joints, stones were secured together with wrought iron cramps & dowels protected by molten lead. • Correction of “OPTICAL ILLUSION” • Long horizontal lines appearing sagged were formed slightly ‘CONVEX OUTLINES’. • Actual • Optical Illusion: Sagging horizontal elements • After optical correction
Correction of “OPTICAL ILLUSION” • Vertical features appeared falling outwards, correction was made by “INCLINING INWARDS” • The outer columns were kept closer & stouter as they appeared thinner against the open sky. • Letters insribed in the upper lines were kept larger , so that all appear of one size when viewed from below. • Bright colours & gilding were applied to selected parts only • Flat surfaces were left plain , colour was restricted to the architectural details & borders only.
Architectural Terms • Cornice is the set of crowning moldings that cap an entablature in Classical architecture. • The Doric order is characterized by the series of triglyphs and metopes on the entablature. • Each metope was occupied by a panel of relief sculpture. • Architrave:The word is derived from the Greek word for main beam. • Capital: The topmost element of the column, helps to transfer loads from beams to columns. • Shaft: The long round section of a column between the base and the capital. cornice triglyph metope architrave capital flute shaft
Main Architectural Influences Doric Column Ionic Column Corinthian Column
Doric Order • The Doric Order is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. • The columns are fluted. • This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.
Doric Order In Doric columns: • On the architrave, there are triglyphs and metopes. • At the top of the columns, there's a capital made of a sort of small pillow in stone, and then a square block, under the architrave. • The columns have no base, but just sit right on the floor.
Doric Order DESCRIPTION:Doric columns are the simplest. They have a capital (the top, or crown) made of a circle topped by a square. The shaft (the tall part of the column) is plain and has 20 sides. There is no base in the Doric order. The Doric order is very plain, but powerful-looking in its design. Doric, like most Greek styles, works well horizontally on buildings, that's why it was so good with the long rectangular buildings made by the Greeks. The area above the column, called the frieze had simple patterns. Above the columns are the metopes and triglyphs. The metope is a plain, smooth stone section between triglyphs. Sometimes the metopes had statues of heroes or gods on them. The triglyphs are a pattern of 3 vertical lines between the metopes.
Doric Order Doric Order : Column
Ionic Order • The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. • The capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). • This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands
Ionic Order In Ionic columns: • At the top of the columns, there's a double curve in stone, under the architrave. • They are still fluted, but they have more flutes than Doric columns. • The columns have a small base to stand on, instead of sitting right on the floor.
Ionic Order DESCRIPTION:Ionic shafts were taller than Doric ones. The columns look slender. They also had flutes, which are lines carved into them from top to bottom. The shafts also had a special characteristic: entasis, which is a little bulge in the columns make the columns look straight, even at a distance [because since you would see the building from eye level, the shafts would appear to get narrower as they rise, so this bulge makes up for that - so it looks straight to your eye but it really isn't.] . The frieze is plain. The bases were large and looked like a set of stacked rings. Ionic capitals consist of a scrolls above the shaft. The Ionic style is a little more decorative than the Doric.
Corinthian Order • The Corinthian style is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. • The capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves
Corinthian Order In Corinthian columns: • On the architrave, as in Ionic temples, there is a continuous frieze where the triglyphs and metopes would be on a Doric temple. • At the top of the columns, on the capital, there's a stone carving of acanthus leaves, under the architrave. • The columns have a fancier base to stand on.
Corinthian Order DESCRIPTION:The Corinthian order is the most decorative and is usually the one most modern people like best. Corinthian also uses entasis to make the shafts look straight. The Corinthian capitals have flowers and leaves below a small scroll. The shaft has flutes and the base is like the Ionian. Unlike the Doric and Ionian cornices, which are at a slant, the Corinthian roofs are flat.
