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The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Can changing the way you think change the world?. The Scientific Revolution Slide 1. ~ Scientists of the Middle Ages were called “natural philosophers” and followed the teachings of Aristotle.
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The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Can changing the way you think change the world?
The Scientific Revolution Slide 1 ~ Scientists of the Middle Ages were called “natural philosophers” and followed the teachings of Aristotle. ~ Renaissance philosophers discovered works by Ptolemy, Archimedes and Plato, who disagreed with Aristotle. ~ Ptolemy believed that the earth was at the center of the universe. This is called a geocentric system. ~ Most medical knowledge came from a 2nd century Greek physician named Galen who studied animal’s anatomies and thought humans would be the same.
Slide 2 ~ The ideas of Rene Descartes changed everything. ~ He believed you should doubt everything, believing only in your own existence. “I think, therefore I am” ~ Rationalism is the belief that reason is the main source of knowledge.
Slide 3 ~ Francis Bacon (not a scientist) developed the scientific method, which involves gathering and analyzing evidence. ~ Instead of relying on ancient thinkers, he thought scientists should use inductive reasoning, in which a thinker studies small details to learn about larger general ideas. ~ He believed in using science to further industry, agriculture and trade and to create “human power” to dominate and control nature.
Let’s think this over…. - Explain two ways that scientific thinking changed during the Scientific Revolution? - How does the thinking of Descartes and Bacon still affect our lives today? - How were the natural philosophers different from the way scientists operate today. How were they the same?
Slide 4 ~ Nicholas Copernicus- believed the Sun was the center of the universe ~ Johannes Kepler- The orbits of the planets were not perfect circles ~ Isaac Newton- Defined the three laws of motion, the most important being the Universal Law of Gravitation ~ Andreas Vesalius- Studied and dissected the human body ~ Robert Boyle- One of the first scientists to do controlled experiments, began as an alchemist. ~Margaret Cavendish- Did not believe that humans could master nature through science.
Slide 5 ~ Maria Winkelmann- Self taught astronomer who discovered a comet. Tried to push Berlin Academy to accept her on staff. ~ Sir Francis Bacon- Developed the Scientific Method and the use of inductive reasoning. ~ Edward Jenner- Developed the first vaccine for smallpox ~ Rene Descartes- Believed you should doubt, question and examine everything. ~ Galileo Galilei- Said the Moon and planets were not orbs of light, but were made of material like the earth.
Who Are These Guys: Background Check - You are working for a scientific research company that wants to hire a new scientist. - Your job is to investigate one of the scientists of the Scientific Revolution and recommend for the company to hire them or not to hire them. - You will be required to provide basic information on your scientist, a picture of your scientist and a paragraph with your recommendation and your reasons for it.
Who Are These Guys: Background Check - You may create your own form, or use a handout form. - Follow the directions on the sheet you are given. - 50 points will be awarded for the picture and the information, and 50 points will be awarded for the recommendation.
A Curious Mind Slide 6 ~ Born in Florence Italy ~ Father was a famous musician ~ Went to the University of Pisa and learned about Aristotle's views ~ Went to medical school, but was interested in math and physics ~ Criticised Aristotle and became unpopular
Science that Changed the World Slide 7 ~ Bought a telescope used for spotting ships and turned it to the sky. ~ Published The Starry Messenger in 1610 supporting the Copernican Theory. ~ Church banned the Copernican Theory and called Galileo to Rome to face the inquisition. ~ Under threat of torture, he recanted his ideas and lived under house arrest till death. ~ In 1992 Pope John Paul II expressed regret over how the Galileo affair was handled.
I must altogether abandon the false opinion that the sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth is not the center of the world, and moves, and that I must not hold, defend, or teach in any way whatsoever, verbally or in writing, the said false doctrine, and after it had been notified to me that the said doctrine was contrary to Holy Scripture () Therefore, desiring to remove from the minds of your Eminences, and of all faithful Christians, this vehement suspicion, justly conceived against me, with sincere heart and unfeigned faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies, and generally every other error, heresy, and sect whatsoever contrary to the said Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert, verbally or in writing, anything that might furnish occasion for a similar suspicion regarding me ~ Galileo Galilei
Words of our founders / Words of the Enlightenment #1 We repose an unwise confidence in any government, or in any men, when we invest them officially with too much, or an unnecessary quantity of, discretionary power. #2 Democracy has, therefore, two excesses to avoid — the spirit of inequality, which leads to aristocracy or monarchy, and the spirit of extreme equality, which leads to despotic power, as the latter is completed by conquest.
Words of our founders / Words of the Enlightenment #1 I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it. #2 If the freedom of speech is taken away then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter.
Words of our founders / Words of the Enlightenment #1 It is natural for a republic to have only a small territory; otherwise it cannot long subsist. #2 My reading of history convinces me that most bad government results from too much government
Words of our founders / Words of the Enlightenment #1 No man has a natural right to commit aggression on the equal rights of another, and this is all from which the laws ought to restrain him. #2 No man has received from nature the right to command his fellow human beings.
Words of our founders / Words of the Enlightenment #1 All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. #2 All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Read more at
Ideas of the Enlightenment Slide 8 • Intellectuals were known as philosophe • Voltaire championed the philosophy of deism • Based on reason and natural law • Saw the universe as a machine set in motion, then left alone by God • Laissez-faire(meaning let people do what they want) was the idea that government should stay out of economics. • Rousseau presented the idea of the Social Contract. • Through a social contract, a society agrees to govern itself (The Constitution). • Individuals must submit to the general will.
Slide 9 • Locke believed people were born with a tabula rasa, (blank mind), and learned from experience. • He also believed that people are born with natural rights and are governed by natural laws. • Montesquieu worked on the idea of the separation of powers where no part of the government can have total power. • A separate executive, judicial and legislative branch gave the state security and protected the freedom of the people • The salons were elegant rooms in wealthy homes where it became popular to bring together artists, aristocrats, writers and wealthy people to exchange ideas.
Reading Quiz- Chapter 6 Section 2 1. What did Hobbes believe would happen without absolute rulers? 2. How did Voltaire feel about religion? 3. How did Beccaria feel about executing criminals?
Rebels of the Enlightenment - Slide 10 • John Locke- believed in natural rights and natural laws • Montesquieu- believed in the separation of powers • Voltaire- believed in religious tolerance and in natural laws • Diderot- gathered ideas of all kinds together in the Encyclopedia of the Sciences, Arts and Trades. Its purpose was to “change the general way thinking”
Slide 11 • Adam Smith- believed in laissez-faire where government stays out of economics • Beccaria- was against brutal punishments and execution • Rousseau- devised the social contract where a people are self governed by the majority. • Mary Wollstonecraft- believed that since all humans, including women, had reason, women were entitled to the same natural rights as men • John Wesley- started the Methodist movement. His sermons gave people powerful spiritual experiences and proved that the age of reason had not destroyed religion.
Vote for one of these clowns!! ~ Watch the presentation of each of the 6 candidates ~ Make notes on the ones you like ~ You will receive a voting card. Vote for one candidate.
Slap-Happy Egghead What I believe: ~ Nobody knows everything. We all start out the same. ~ Whatever most of us think should be the law. Vote for me because… ~ You have the right to live, have stuff and to try to be happy. ~ I will only stay as long as you like me.
Clowny McCool What I believe: ~Deep down we are all clowns and all clowns are equal ~We need to change everything so it is more fair. Vote for me because… ~I am tired of bowing down to the man ~I will make sure we all have a say
Baron Von Twinkleheimer What I believe: ~ No one should have all the power. Especially not me. ~ We should do what we want as long as we don't hurt each other. Vote for me because…. ~I will keep all the other clowns from conspiring against you. ~Don’t bother me and I won’t bother you.
Fluffy Flipperfloffer What I believe: ~ We are all brothers ~ You have your way, I have my way, but it’s all good Vote for me because…. ~ I will make sure we all tolerate each other, even if we are different ~ If it ain’t broke, I won’t fix it.
DiDi Whatchudoin What I believe: ~ If it’s new, I like it ~Everyone has something to say and everyone should be heard. Vote for me because… ~ I don’t believe any of this garbage and I will get to the bottom of it. ~ Info is power. Let’s share it!
Rooster Brewster What I believe: ~ You are my boss ~ How we feel is as important as what we think ~ Property makes us slaves Vote for me because…. ~ Whatever the most of you say, I will do. ~ Your will is more important than my stuff.
A Cultural Review: Enlightened Art What is culture? Who does culture influence? Are the arts changed by the culture, or is the culture changed by the arts?
Enlightenment Culture Slide 12 • Enlightened Absolutism was the idea that only strong, enlightened monarchs could change society and give people their rights. • Frederick the Great of Prussia had Voltaire living at his court, abolished torture, granted limited freedoms but kept serfdom and social structures • Joseph II of Austria championed equality before the law, eliminated serfdom and the death penalty and established religious freedom, but there were too many changes and everyone was upset. • Catherine the Great of Russia listened to Diderot’s ideas, but rejected them other than equality before the law.
Slide 13 • Enlightenment ideas did nothing to contain the power of the monarchs or the wars they fought. • Monarchs changed art and architecture with patronage. • Baroque art exaggerated motion, was easy to understand, and was dramatic and grand in scale. • Rococo art was graceful, charming and showed joy and pleasure.
Enlightenment Literature Jonathan Swift: - Gullivers Travels - A Modest Proposal John Bunyan: - A Pilgrim’s Progress
John Milton How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, Stoln on his wing my three and twentieth year! My hasting days fly on with full career, But my late spring no bud or blossom shew'th. Perhaps my semblance might deceive the truth, That I to manhood am arrived so near, And inward ripeness doth much less appear, That some more timely-happy spirits endu'th. Yet be it less or more, or soon or slow, It shall be still in strictest measure even To that same lot, however mean or high, Toward which Time leads me, and the will of Heaven; All is, if I have grace to use it so, As ever in my great Taskmaster's eye.
Jonathan Swift Deprived of root, and branch and rind, Yet flowers I bear of every kind: And such is my prolific power, They bloom in less than half an hour; Yet standers-by may plainly see They get no nourishment from me. My head with giddiness goes round, And yet I firmly stand my ground: All over naked I am seen, And painted like an Indian queen. No couple-beggar in the land E'er joined such numbers hand in hand. I joined them fairly with a ring; Nor can our parson blame the thing. And though no marriage words are spoke, They part not till the ring is broke; Yet hypocrite fanatics cry, I'm but an idol raised on high; And once a weaver in our town, A damned Cromwellian, knocked me down. I lay a prisoner twenty years, And then the jovial cavaliers To their old post restored all three - I mean the church, the king, and me.
Bach, Handel, Haydn and Mozart Johann Sebastian Bach- Cello Suite #1 Handel - Messiah - Hallelujah Chorus Haydn: Symphonie #45 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Piano Concerto No. 21 - Andante
