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Understanding Cancer: Cell Cycle Regulation, Mutations, and Survival

This overview explores the cell cycle's role in cancer development, emphasizing the regulation of cell division and the impact of DNA mutations. Approximately 1 million new cancer cases are diagnosed each year in the U.S., making it the second leading cause of death. While survival rates are improving due to advancements in detection, diagnosis, and treatment, understanding the underlying mechanisms is essential. Key factors include the roles of cyclin proteins, tumor types, symptoms to watch for, and methods for prevention and treatment.

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Understanding Cancer: Cell Cycle Regulation, Mutations, and Survival

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  1. Regulating the Cell Cycle Biology

  2. What do you know about Cancer?

  3. US Statistics • 1 million new cases each year • #2 cause of death • Survival rates are increasing: • Detection • Diagnosis • Treatment

  4. Review: Why does a cell divide? • A large cell has: • Trouble transporting materials • Increasing demands on DNA

  5. When does a normal cell divide? • A protein called cyclin responds to external and internal factors of a cell • Cyclin regulates the Cell Cycle

  6. So what is cancer? • Process where growth and division goes wrong • New cells form incorrectly (mutations)

  7. So what is a mutation? • A change in DNA sequence • ATTCG • ATCCG

  8. Cancer begins • When mutations disrupt mitosis

  9. Normal cells • Spend most of their time in interphase

  10. Cancerous cells • Get stuck in mitosis (Short interphase) • Keep reproducing • Tumors form

  11. Benign: Cells are normal but overgrown Malignant: Cells are abnormal and divide without control Invade and destroy surrounding tissue Break away and travel through the body (metastasis) Tumors (two types)

  12. Where can a tumor occur? • Anywhere

  13. Brain Tumor

  14. Why is a Metastasis Dangerous? • Cancer that started out on your skin could spread to your lungs, brain, liver

  15. So what causes mutations? • Environmental • Genetics • Biological

  16. Symptoms • A thickening or lump in an area • Obvious change in a wart or mole • A sore that does not heal • Nagging cough/hoarseness • Changes in bowel/bladder habits • Ingestion/difficulty swallowing • Unexplained changes in weight • Unusual bleeding/discharge **Not all of these symptoms mean a person has cancer, they can have other causes

  17. If you have cancer, who do you see? • Oncologist- Cancer Doctor • The oncologist will take a biopsy and send it to the lab for testing. • Biopsy- removal of some cells from a tumor to see if they are cancerous.

  18. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

  19. Treatment • Surgery • Chemotherapy • Radiation

  20. Prevention • Avoid excessive sunlight

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