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Overview of Malaria in the Americas

Overview of Malaria in the Americas. History followed different courses for different peoples because of differences among peoples’ environments, not because of biological differences among peoples themselves. Diamond, J.M. (2005) Guns, Germs, and Steel: the fates of human societies.

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Overview of Malaria in the Americas

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  1. Overview of Malaria in the Americas

  2. History followed different courses for different peoples because of differences among peoples’ environments, not because of biological differences among peoples themselves. Diamond, J.M. (2005) Guns, Germs, and Steel: the fates of human societies.

  3. Environments Ecological Social Economic Political Technological

  4. Reflections • November 6th 1880: Laveran • 1898: Ross, Grassi, Bastianelli, Bignami • Cinchona bark: Fever – Quechua Indians Peru • 17th Century “Jesuit bark” - Rome • 19th Century Malaria throughout Americas • 1902 – Malaria health problem – PAHO • II World War – new antimalarials, DDT • Successes – Americas including Caribbean • 1955 – Global Eradication Program

  5. Malaria Strategies and Goals • Global Malaria Eradication Strategy – Mexico 1955 • Global Malaria Control Strategy – Amsterdam 1992 • Roll Back Malaria Initiative – 1998 • U.N. Millennium Development Goals - 2000

  6. Interventions • Diagnosis (Microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Tests) • Treatment (Distinct parasites, Drug Resistance) • Reduction Man – Mosquito contact (distinct mosquitoes, Insecticide resistance, Housing, Management breeding sites, Mosquito nets, etc.) • Epidemiologic analysis, Operational research • Community, other sector involvement • Health systems – transfer of responsibility but reduced technical capability

  7. Source: Annual Country Reports to PAHO

  8. Challenges • Change structure health institutions and systems; • Accessibility, availability health services • Orientation articulation / integration primary health care • Recruitment, training, continuity technical personnel • Sustainability - surveillance, epidemiologic assessments, operational research • Use scientific evidence to adapt interventions and policies • Multiple sector participation, particularly civil society and communities • Migration within and between countries • Burden reduction – “call to arms” – elimination

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