By Prof. Lydia Ayers

1. Midterm Review By Prof. Lydia Ayers

2. Don’t forget the Exam WEDNESDAY! 9:00 AM – Please come a little bit early!

3. What to Know • Instruments • Notation • Rhythm and Meter • Acoustics • Pitch • Intervals • Tuning, Scales and Melody

4. Study Tips • Party all night and sleep badly the night before the exam. • Eat a light breakfast before the exam. • Bring your student ID to the exam. • Bring electronic dictionaries, programmable calculators, mobile phones, pagers, etc. to the exam. • Which of the following should you do?

5. Tips • Stay healthy – NO make-up exams! • Get enough sleep the night before the exam! • sleeping makes you smarter! • Eat properly!

6. Instruments • List four main categories of musical instruments, divided by the way they produce sound. • Idiophones • Membranophones (Drums) • Chordophones (String Instruments) • Aerophones (Wind Instruments)

7. Instruments • The class of self-sounding instruments is called __________ . • idiophones

8. Instruments • What are the four main components of a membranophone? • Body • Membrane • Attachment • Decorations

9. Instruments • What is the primary difference between a membranophone and an idiophone? • The sound-producing part of a membranophone is a membrane. • The sound-producing part of an idiophone is itself.

10. Instruments • Which of the following instruments are not related pairs? • Violin and erhu • Yangqin and santour • Water bottle and drum • Guitar and monochord • None of the other answers

11. Instruments • Describe a similarity between typical membranophones and typical idiophones. • The two classes of instruments are often played in the same way (striking).

12. Pitch • Describe a method of changing the pitch (and how the pitch is changed) if you are blowing across a bottle that is half-filled with water. • Add water: pitch goes up • Remove water: pitch goes down • Blow harder for higher harmonics (pitch always increases)

13. Instruments • The technique for performers to perform continuously without stopping for breath is called _________ . • circular breathing

14. Instruments • Which of the following statements is most correct? • Flutes and trumpets are both aerophones. • Flutes are aerophones; trumpets are idiophones. • Flutes are idiophones; trumpets are aerophones. • Flutes and trumpets are both idiophones. • Flutes and trumpets are both membranophones.

15. Instruments • What is the difference in technique between playing a flute and playing a trumpet? • Flute: Blowing across an edge • Trumpet: Buzzing the lips while blowing into an opening

16. Rhythm • The line for connecting a group of flagged notes is a ______. • beam

17. Meter • Explain what the time signature ¾ means. • 3: 3 beats per measure • 4: quarter note takes one beat

18. Meter • Fill in the correct time signature in the following figure: 3 4 6 8

19. Meter • Identify which of the following two examples is in 6/8 meter and which is in 3/4 meter: 6/8 3/4

20. Notation • Which of the following statements is correct? • Staves in Western Music Notation have five lines. • The treble clef has four lines. • The bass clef has four lines. • The number of lines in the staff depends on the key signature

21. Notation • Short horizontal lines that extend the staves up and down are called _____ • ledger lines

22. Pitch • Which of the following affect the pitch produced by a string? (Circle all that apply) • Length of the string • Height of the bridge • Tension of the string • Force that you bow the string (bowed instruments only) • Speed that you bow the string (bowed instruments only)

23. Always Fine Do Boys Good Pitch • Write down the pitch name for each line of the bass clef staff.

24. Pitch and Notation • A double sharp raises the pitch by ___ whole step(s). • 1

25. Pitch • Name all the pitches in this figure: C# C# F# F C F# C# C

26. Acoustics • What are the frequencies of the first 4 harmonics of A 440? • 440 Hertz • 880 Hertz • 1320 Hertz • 1760 Hertz

27. Tuning • If Note 2 is one octave higher than Note 1, what is the value of Note2/Note1? • 2

28. Acoustics • If the fundamental frequency is 150Hz, what is the frequency of the 6th harmonic? • 900 Hz

29. Intervals • How many half steps are there between A and C#? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. none of the other answers

30. Intervals • Name the intervals in the following figure. minor 6th diminished 5th

31. Intervals • What is the complementary interval for a perfect 5th? • Perfect 4th

32. Tuning • What is the interval for frequency ratio 3/2? • Perfect 5th

33. Acoustics • If the frequency of the fundamental of a tone “x” is 110 Hertz, what is the frequency of “y”? A. 550 Hertz B. 660 Hertz C. 440 Hertz D. 110 Hertz E. none of the other answers

34. Acoustics and Tuning • What is the frequency of the note a perfect 4th below 200 Hz? • 150 Hz

35. Tuning • To divide the octave in 12 equal parts, what is the frequency ratio of each adjacent note? • 2^(1/12) or

36. Scales • What is the melodic minor scale pattern in terms of whole and half steps? How are the other minor scales related to it? • 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½

37. Scales • Which major key signature has 3 sharps? • A major • Write the key signature:

38. Scales • Which minor key signature has 4 flats? • F minor • Write the key signature:

39. Frequency Analysis • Apart from the input wav file, what is the other input for the PVan program? • the analysis frequency

40. Essays • What a short solo piece of music with 4 bars which satisfies the following requirements (25 points): … • You will hear this piece twice. Briefly discuss some of the elements in the piece and how you might use them in a composition of your own (10 points). [TRACK 9] • Write a short progress report on your final project (10 points).