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Chapter 32

Chapter 32. Discussion and Notes. Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945. Who benefited economically and socially? Europeans invested heavily in colonial railroads, harbors, and mines, which enormously increased the output and value of agricultural and mining commodities.

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Chapter 32

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  1. Chapter 32 Discussion and Notes

  2. Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945 • Who benefited economically and socially? • Europeans invested heavily in colonial railroads, harbors, and mines, which enormously increased the output and value of agricultural and mining commodities. • Economic development primarily benefited Europeans and often had a negative effect on African people.

  3. What was life like for African under colonial rule? • Worked in harsh conditions for little or no pay • Racial segregation in housing, health care, and public accommodations became more pronounced.

  4. Rise of Liberal ideas and nationalism • Labor demands and the widening disparity between the wealthy and the poor embittered many Africans, causing a growth in nationalist movements. • World War II demands for labor and food exports, together with Allied ideals of liberation and freedom, convinced many Africans of the need for radical change.

  5. Indian Nationalism • Independence movement in India • By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. • In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress.

  6. What was the goal? • eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization. • Hindu or Muslim movement? • seen as primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle classes. • In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. • By 1912 the Muslims were calling for their own country!

  7. Mohandas Gandhi: Father of Resistance to British Rule • Mahatma Gandhi (Mahatma “great soul”) becomes the leader in 1921. • Why is he so important? • Transformed the cause of the Indian independence from an elite movement to mass movement that appealed to majority of the Indian population • United Hindu population for Indian independence

  8. Civil Disobedience • Inspired the Civil Rights Movement in the United states • What was his plan? • force change and an end to British imperialism through a strict policy of non-violence, or passive resistance. 

  9. Why did he fast? • represented both his ideology and his manipulation of public relations and political tactics. • How did he feel about the Hindu caste system?  • The rigid caste system separated religious and political classes from lower classes of laborers and outcasts with no hope at social mobility.

  10. Gandhi Leads The Way • Examples of his civil disobedience • included boycotts such as the Salt March (1930) and hunger strikes.  Why? What happened? • His famous “Walk to the Sea” to protest British salt monopoly

  11. Why Was India Partitioned? • Britain was weakened after World War II. • It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence. • Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. • Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to partition, or divide, the subcontinent. • In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. • As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted in Northern India. • Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people were killed before independence was achieved. • Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions persisted, as it does today!

  12. Partition of India, 1947

  13. Mahatma Gandhi On Jan. 13, 1948, at the age of 78, Gandhi began his last fast. His purpose was to end the bloodshed among Hindu, Muslim, and other groups. On January 18, their leaders pledged to stop fighting and Gandhi broke his fast. Twelve days later, in New Delhi, while on his way to a prayer meeting, Gandhi was assassinated. NathuramGodse, a Hindu fanatic who opposed Gandhi's program of tolerance for all creeds and religions, shot him three times. A shocked India and a saddened world mourned Gandhi's death. The great scientist Albert Einstein said of Gandhi: "Generations to come will scarcely believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood."

  14. Gandhi Assassinated!!! • Therefore, the strength and will of the common people both achieved Indian independence and tore India apart.  Gandhi Assassinated In 1948

  15. Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?

  16. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 • How unique was it? • Why do revolutions take place? • What were the causes of the revolution? • What impact did the Mexican revolution have on other countries? • When did the Mexican Revolution end?

  17. Porfirio Diaz1876-1911 • Economic modernization: foreign investment and Liberal laissez-faire • Land privatization: community landholding from 25% to 2% of nation’s land. • Americans held 70% of the value of Mexican industry and 27% of the land Direct causes of the Revolution • Political authoritarianism • Unequal benefits of modernization: marginalization of poorest Mexicans

  18. Stages of the Revolution

  19. Social reformers ►Emiliano Zapata • “Tierra y libertad” land and freedom • Zapatistas gave the Revolution its social credibility • Assassinated 1919

  20. Social reformers ►Francisco “Pancho” Villa • Northern populist, often depicted in pop culture as a modern day Robin Hood • Revolutionary masculinity • Assassinated 1923

  21. Constitutionalists ►Venustiano Carranza • Constitution of 1917 • President 1917-1920 • Mexican nationalism • His troops assassinated Zapata • Assassinated 1920

  22. Constitutionalists ►Alvaro Obregon • President 1920-1924 • Pacification of the country • Assassinated 1928 during the Cristero War

  23. Stages of the Revolution

  24. Constitution of 1917 • Communal landholding rights • Regulation of working conditions, and right to form unions and to strike • Separation of Church and State, limitation of Church influence over civil society • Right to universal, secular education • Democratic elections, no re-election of president • Ownership of nation’s shorelines, frontiers, and subsoil resources

  25. U.S.A.’s involvement in the conflict • February 1913: embassy pact and coup against Madero • April 1914: attack on Veracruz • Active support of Carranza and Obregon • 1916: Pershing expedition against Villa after attack on Columbus, NM • 1917: Zimmerman telegram

  26. Rebuilding the Nation 1920-1940 ►The difficulty of rebuilding Mexico • Implementing the constitution difficult • Political and financial instability • The National Revolutionary Party (PRN) in 1928 • Created a forum for labor, peasants, and business

  27. Nation-building projects • Socialist education • Renewed nationalism • Celebration of racial equality

  28. Lazaro Cardenas 1934-1940 ►Implementation of Constitution • Cut his salary in half • Ended capital punishment • Land redistribution • Nationalization of oil industry (1938) • Corporatism and policies favourable to the working-class • Peace with the Catholic Church and the middle class

  29. Pancho Villa and His Supporters

  30. Emiliano Zapata and the Revolution in Morelos

  31. Madero and the Revolutionary Leadership, 1911

  32. Villa’s Troops Enter Chihuahua, 1914

  33. Mexican Revolutionaries EmilianoZapata Pancho Villa Porfirio Diaz

  34. Mexican Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920 • Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing a different segment of Mexican society • Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in Northern Mexico. Were they successful? • Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico today. • Constitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fighting • By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican Revolutionary Party removed generals from government, redistributed land, replaced church run schools with government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry. • It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico

  35. Describe and discuss the world economy (and the World Wars) as it affected the internal political situation in Brazil and Argentina. • Before the First World War • Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber • Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who raised cattle, sheep, and wheat. • Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure. • The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured goods. • Effects of WWI • However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912 and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports. • The Depression and the rise of military dictators • Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power at this time. • Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup was staged by Juan Perón 1946. • Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife, Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor. Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the world

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