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Respiratory system: Anatomy Part 1

This lecture provides an in-depth exploration of the respiratory system, detailing both mechanical and cellular respiration processes. Key components discussed include the upper and lower respiratory tracts, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, highlighting their anatomical features and functions in gas exchange. The lecture also covers the pleura, mediastinum, and blood supply to the lungs, including pulmonary and bronchial circulation. Engaging visuals and diagrams enhance understanding of complex anatomical relationships within the respiratory system. Ideal for students of anatomy and medicine.

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Respiratory system: Anatomy Part 1

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  1. Respiratory system: Anatomy Part 1 Lecture 10 Monday, February 5, 2007 Refs. Moore and Agur Chapters 1 and 9, Moore and Dalley Chapter 1, and Ross and Pawlina Chapter 19 or Wheater’s Functional Histology Chapter 12

  2. Respiration • Cellular respiration • Reactions in a cell producing ATP • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (mitochondria, TCA cycle, electron transport) • Mechanical respiration • Process of acquiring oxygen from the atmosphere and excretion of CO2 • Respiratory system includes airways and lungs where gas exchange occurs

  3. Components of the respiratory system • Upper respiratory tract • Nasal cavity • Paranasal sinuses (resonance, make head lighter) • Nasopharynx • Functions: filter, humidify, and warm air • Lower respiratory tract • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi: primary (main), secondary (lobar), tertiary • Bronchioles: many orders…terminal, respiratory • Alveolar ducts • Alveoli or alveolar sacs

  4. Nasal cavity • Concha (plural conchae) or turbinates • Thin curved plates of bone • Inferior nasal concha articulates with maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid and palatine bones • Middle and superior nasal conchae extend from inner wall of ethmoid labyrinth • Meatus refers to an opening or passageway • Inferior nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus, and superior nasal meatus are below respective conchae. • Nasal septum divides nasal cavity vertically • Vomer forms inferior and posterior bony portion.

  5. Nasal septum is formed by cartilage, ethmoid bone, and vomer (light green) Netter Pl 34

  6. Vomer is on midline (blue) Moore & Agur8.3

  7. Pharynx • The palate separates the openings of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. • hard = bone • soft = a soft tissue extension • Tracts “merge/cross” in the pharynx. • Nasopharynx- posterior to the nose and superior to the soft palate. Opening of nasal cavity into nasopharynx is the choana (paired= choanae) • Oropharynx- posterior to the mouth (between the soft palate and pharyngoepiglottic fold) • Laryngopharynx- posterior to the larynx • During swallowing the soft palate acts as a valve to prevent food from entering nasopharynx and the epiglottis closes the larynx.

  8. Midsagittal diagram of pharynx Moore 7.51

  9. Surface anatomy of larynx Moore & Agur p.622H = hyoidT = thyroid cartilageC = cricoid cartilage1 = first tracheal ring

  10. Lateral view of larynx Moore & Agur 9.15a

  11. Posterior view of larynx Moore & Agur 9.15b

  12. Larynx • Laryngeal skeleton comprises 9 cartilages • Learn the main cartilage components • Epiglottis- elastic cartilage • Thyroid cartilage- hyaline cartilage • Cricoid cartilage- hyaline cartilage • Arytenoid cartilage- hyaline cartilage • Epithelium of the larynx is respiratory except for vocal cords where it is stratified squamous • Muscles including those that tense the vocal chords are skeletal.

  13. Number of lung lobes varies with speciesHumans have 5 lobes Moore & Agur

  14. Hilus and pleura • Hilus (plural hili) aka hilum (plural hila) • The indented area where vessels and nerves enter and exit an organ. “root” • Specifically for lung: 2 (right and left) where bronchi, arteries and nerves enter and veins and lymphatics exit. • Pleura- the serous membrane forming the outer lining of lung (visceral pleura) and inner lining of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura). • Moist, lubricated surfaces • Developmentally the primordial coelom is invaginated by the lung; the lining of the cavity in contact with the lung fuses to the lung becoming the visceral pleura. • The parietal pleura is named by the area it lines. • Cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

  15. Pleura Moore & Agur 2.16a

  16. Mediastinum • Central compartment of of the thoracic cavity • Between the two lung cavities • Lined by pleura • Contains the esophagus, trachea, aorta, heart, etc. • Flexible and mobile • Divisions for description • Superior- above the sternal angle and T4-T5 disk • Inferior-anterior, middle, posterior

  17. Mediastinum Moore and Agur 2.20

  18. Examination of the lungs • Auscultation • Radiographs • Plain -look for opacities in lung field • Bronchogram- contrast material in airways • Bronchoscopy with fiberoptic endoscope • Visual inspection • Sample collection

  19. Radio-opaque material outlines bronchi Moore & Agur

  20. BronchoscopyMoore & Agur

  21. Dual arterial blood supply to the lungs • Pulmonary • Primary supply, large volume • Deoxygenated blood from the RV • Low pressure, elastic arteries • Bronchial • Branches from the aorta • Supplies the pleura and airway walls • Typical muscular arteries

  22. Pulmonary blood supply to the lungs Moore & Agur

  23. Bronchial blood supply from aorta to the lungs Moore & Dalley 1.34

  24. Venous drainage of the lung • Pulmonary veins (4) empty into left atrium • Main return, large volume • Oxygenated blood • Bronchial veins • Return some of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries • Azygos on right to vena cava • Hemiazygos from the left to brachiocephalic vein

  25. Autonomic nerve supply to the lungs Moore & Dalley 1.36

  26. Effects of autonomic stimulation on the lungs • Parasympathetic • bronchoconstriction • Sympathetic • relaxes the airways • reduces glandular secretions

  27. Lymphatic drainage of the lungs Moore & Dalley fig. 1.35

  28. Anthracosis • Deposition of coal dust (carbon) • Black discoloration especially prominent on pleural surface and in tracheobronchial lymph nodes. • Incidental finding, usually asymptomatic • Found in all urban dwellers and smokers

  29. Overview of the respiratory system Wheater’s 12.1

  30. Mucosa • General features from lumen to deeper tissue • Mucosa • Epithelium • Lamina propria • Lymphoid tissue • ±muscularis mucosae • Submucosa • glands • Muscular tunic (little muscle in respiratory tract) • Adventitia or serosa

  31. Respiratory mucosa in general • Epithelium ranges from tall, ciliated pseudostratified columnar in the trachea to simple squamous in alveoli. • No muscularis mucosae. • Serous and mucous glands in the submucosa. • Cartilage is deep to submucosa.

  32. General features of airways • Changes in airways are gradual. • Epithelium becomes lower to squamous • Smooth muscle increases. • No cartilage past tertiary bronchi. • No serous and mucous glands in submucosa past tertiary bronchi

  33. Nasal cavity of kitten WFH 12.2

  34. Characteristics of nasal mucosa • Numerous goblet cells. • Tall pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. • Highly vascular lamina propria (warms air). • Numerous glands produce watery serous secretions (moisturizes air). • Cilia beat toward pharynx.

  35. Nasal mucosa WFH 12.3

  36. Trachea: transverse section WFH 12.4

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