Language Arts Grade 11 Week 23 Lesson 1 & 2

1. Language Arts Grade 11 Week 23 Lesson 1 & 2 Standard E1a: READING: Word Recognition, Fluency, and Vocabulary Development - Word Recognition involves the understanding of the basic features of words: word parts, patterns, relationships, and origins. Standard E2a: WRITING: Process - The writing process includes prewriting, drafting, editing, and revising. Students progress through these stages to write clear, coherent, and focused paragraphs and essays. Classwork: Take notes on Combining Sentences Complete the S.A.T. Worksheets WP 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E on Combining Sentences Homework: Finish any previously assigned class work/homework. Assessment: Observation, Oral responses, Written Responses

2. COMBINING SENTENCES When possible, combine two or more sentences into a single, effective, well-written sentence. We may do this when sentences are closely related in meaning and belong together, and because it is boring to read a series of short sentences that have a similar structure. When we talk about combining sentences, we will often use the following five ways: PunctuationCoordinationSubordination ReductionApposition

3. PUNCTUATION Sentences can also be combined by using special punctuation marks. We know that a period [ . ] question mark [ ? ] and exclamation point [ ! ] are used at the end of a sentence, so they cannot be used for combining sentences. We also know that a comma [ , ] is not strong enough to connect 2 sentences. (If you use a comma to try to connect 2 sentences without a coordinating conjunction you will have a type of run-on sentence called a comma splice, which is not acceptable.) • So what kinds of punctuation marks can be used to connect sentences? There are 2 punctuation marks that are stronger than a comma but weaker than a period, question mark, or exclamation point. These are the colon [ : ] and semi-colon [ ; ].

4. Punctuation: Commas in Listing Combine some sentences by eliminating some repetitive words and by listing modifiers, nouns and verbs separated by commas. Ex. John ate the apple. John ate the pear. John ate the orange. John ate the apple, pear and orange. Ex. Mary ran to the store. Mary skipped to the store. Mary hopped to the store. Mary ran, skipped and hopped to the store. Ex. The car is new. The car is red. The car is fast. The new, red car is fast.

5. Punctuation: Colon • A colon is also used to add more information and especially to give examples of something in the sentence. What follows a colon may be a clause or a group of words that cannot stand by themselves. Ex. He is a great athlete: he plays soccer, baseball and basketball. Ex. He plays many sports: soccer, baseball and basketball.

6. Punctuation: Semi-colon • A semi-colon is used to connect clauses and is the most important punctuation mark for combining sentences. It can be used alone to connect clauses. Ex. He's not heavy; he's my brother. It can also be used to connect clauses together with special linking words such as however,moreover, and therefore which grammar books call conjunctive adverbs. Ex. I think; therefore, I am. (Remember, it is the semi-colon and not the conjunctive adverb that connects the clauses.)

7. COORDINATION Coordination is a way of adding sentences together. In this type of sentence (grammar books call it a compound sentence) the 2 or more sentences (clauses) which are combined are equal partners. One clause is not more important than the other grammatically. Words that connect clauses in this way are called coordinating conjunctions and the most common ones are: and, or, but, so. USE A COMMA AND A CONJUNCTION BETWEEN 2 SENTENCES! • and - is used to join clauses that contain additional information Ex. I bought a ticket, and I got on the bus. • or - is used to join clauses that contain choices or alternatives Ex. Write me a letter, or send an e-mail message. • but - is used to join clauses that contain opposing ideas Ex. I arrived early, but no one was there. • So - is used to join clauses that contain ideas of cause and effect Ex. The jacket didn't fit, so I took it back to the store.

8. SUBORDINATION • Subordination is a way of combining sentences that makes one sentence more important than the other. One or more of the sentences being combined is reduced from an independent clause to a dependent clause by adding such words as when, although, if (called subordinating conjunctions) or such words as who, what, that (called relative pronouns). Depending on its function, a subordinate clause can be classified as a: Noun clause -- a subordinate clause used like a noun (it can be a subject or object) Ex. I don't know what you are talking about. Adjective clause a subordinate clause that modifies or gives information about a noun Ex. I read the letter that was on your desk. Adverb clause a subordinate clause that functions like an adverb Ex. I will call you after I get back from the movie.

9. REDUCTION: • We can go one step beyond reducing one of the sentences to a subordinate clause. We can reduce it to a phrase (a group of words without both a subject and verb). Participial phrase Ex. The boy was scared by the movie. The boy began to cry. The boy, scared by the movie, began to cry. Gerund phrase Ex. He studied for the  test.  He felt confident. Studying for the test increased his confidence. Infinitive phrase Ex. She saw the movie star in the restaurant. She was excited. She was excited to see the movie star in the restaurant. Prepositional phrase Ex. There was a story in the newspaper. The story was interesting. The story in the newspaper was interesting.

10. APPOSITION In apposition, we take a word or phrase and place it in a parallel position to a noun in the sentence. An appositive is surroundedby commas. Ex. Sara was the most serious student in the class. Sara always did her homework. Sara, the most serious student in the class, always did her homework.

11. Writing Practice Exercises • WP 3A - Write 10 sentences combining sentences using commas in listing. • WP 3B Write 10 sentences combining sentences using semi-colons and colons ( 5 each.) • WP 3C Write 10 sentences combining sentences subordination (5 for each kind of subordination.) • WP 3D Write 10 sentences combining sentences using reduction (2 for each kind of phrase.) • WP 3 E Write 10 sentences combining sentences using appositives. Note: First write the separate sentences (at least 3.) Then, write the combined final sentence. Each final, combined sentence must contain a minimum of 12 words.