1 / 68

ARABIC STUDIES Dr. MOHAMMAD GABER PHD

ARABIC STUDIES Dr. MOHAMMAD GABER PHD. (Midterm). 1. Literature. INTRODUCTION. The term literature refers to any work written in the a language .

rafe
Download Presentation

ARABIC STUDIES Dr. MOHAMMAD GABER PHD

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. ARABIC STUDIES Dr. MOHAMMAD GABER PHD (Midterm) Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD) 1

  2. Literature Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  3. INTRODUCTION • The term literature refers to any work written in the a language. • Most people do not know the exact meaning of literature, and they think it is just as a branch of the Language; such as Grammar, semantics, pragmatics, phonetics, Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  4. Literature • Literature is the art of written works. Literature means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latinlitteraletter). • Academic study of literature is known as Letters ("Arts and Letters"). Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  5. CHARACTERISTCS OF LITERATURE • It is anything written or printed. • It may be written or unwritten. • It is artistic interpretation of life through the medium of words. • It is considered to be mirrors of a culture. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  6. CHARACTERISTCS OF LITERATURE (Cont.) 5.It is a reproduction of life, in an artistic pattern. 6. It deals with the ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man. 7. It presents human experiences in various forms. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  7. CHARACTERISTCS OF LITERATURE (Cont.) 8. It represents sensations, feelings, moods, attitudes, thoughts, and events in an interrelated series. 9. It is a product of a particular people, fashioned according to their own aesthetic (artistic) ideals. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  8. REASONS FOR STUDYING LITERATURE Many various reasons for studying LITERATURE,among them: • undergo a learning experience and experience aesthetic satisfaction. • know the reality of MAN, his behavior, attitude, his own culture, how to write the history, etc. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  9. REASONS FOR STUDYING LITERATURE (Cont.) • appreciate our literary heritage • manifest our deep concern for literature • being pleasure and enjoyment • have therapeutic value • discover the beauty of the artistic craftsmanship of the writer in portraying his artistic vision Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  10. REASONS FOR STUDYING LITERATURE (Cont.) • draw out human values incorporated (included) in the great works of the various writers • have a better insight (approaching) and understanding of human life and experience. • to develop student's character. • to help build emotional maturity, and equip students with new critical faculties. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  11. CLASSIFICATION OF LITRARY WORK • According to CONTENT: • FICTION = literature of knowledge, power, imagination = appeal is imaginative thinking. For example; (Novel, Short story, Drama, Poetry) • NON-FICTION = literature of knowledge/ utilitarian literature = appeal is reason. For instance: ( Biography, Essay (formal), Diary, Autobiography, History) Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  12. CLASSIFICATION OF LITRARY WORK (Cont.) 2. According to FORM / STRUCTURE: It is classified into: Prose and Poetry: • PROSE = use of sentences that are made into paragraph • POETRY =verse, line, and stanzas Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  13. CLASSIFICATION OF LITRARY WORK (Cont.) 3. According to PURPOSE: It is classified into: • Narration, • Description, • Exposition, and • Argumentation Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  14. WRITING STYLE • While the ARABIC language was growing in size and importance, ARABIC writers were still looking to classical* models for style. • One of the greatest challenges for ARABIC authors was learning to balance these classical styles with the unique patterns of the ARABIC language. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  15. Literature LITRARY MAJOR FORMS Novel PoemDrama Short story Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  16. LITRARY GENRES • Genres (types) abound in daily life and people often work within them unconsciously (automatically); people often take for granted their prominence (status)and ever present residence in society. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  17. LITRARY GENRES (Cont.) • EpicLyric • DramaSatire • TragedyComedy • RomanceTragicomedy Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  18. Literature Media Performance (play) Book Discussion Criticism TheoryMagazines Debates Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  19. Literature Poetry • A poem is a composition written in verse (although verse has been equally used for epic and dramatic fiction). • Poems rely heavily on imagery, precise word choice, and metaphor. • Circumstances dictate Poems, but neve the reverse. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  20. Literature Poetry (Cont.) • Language and tradition dictate some poetic norms: * Arab & Persian poetry always rhymes, * Greek poetry rarely rhymes, * Italian or French poetry often does, * English and German poetry can go either way. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  21. Literature Prose • Prose consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structures (other than simple grammar); "non-poetic" writing, perhaps. • Prose writing can of course take beautiful forms; but less by virtue of the formal features of words (rhymes ,meter) but rather by style, placement, or inclusion of graphics. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  22. Literature Fiction • Narrative fiction (narrative prose) generally favors prose for the writing of novels, short stories, graphicnovels • A novel consists simply of a long story written in prose without pictures. • A graphicnovels consists simply of a long story written in prose with pictures. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  23. Literature Fiction (Cont.) • Examples of short stories: Bed Time stories such as: Snow white and the Seven dwarfs. • Examples of graphicnovels: Harry Potter , Lord of the Rings Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  24. Literature Other prose literature • Philosophy, history, journalism, and legal and scientific writings traditionally ranked as literature. • They offer some of the oldest prose writings in existence; novels and prose stories earned the names "fiction" to distinguish them from factual writing or nonfiction, which writers historically have crafted in prose. • Such as : Newton Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  25. Literature Drama • A play or drama offers another classical literary form that has continued to evolve over the years. • It generally comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic / theatrical performance rather than at reading. • During the 18th and 19th centuries, opera developed as a combination of poetry, drama, and music. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  26. Drama (Cont.) • Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently. • Shakespeare could be considered one of the best drama writer. One of the best of his writtings is Romeo and Juliet, which is a classic romantic drama generally accepted as literature. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  27. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  28. Literature Oral literature • The term oral literature refers not to written, but to oral traditions, which includes different types of epic, poetry and drama, ballads, legends, jokes, and other genres of folklore. Other narrative forms • Films, videos and broadcast operas have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction. • Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of sequential artwork, dialogue and text. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  29. Arabic Literature • Arabic literature (Arabic: الأدب العربي, Al-Adab Al-Arabi‎) is the writing produced, both prose and poetry, by writers (not-necessarily Arabs) of the Arabic language. • It does not usually include works written using the Arabic alphabet but not in the Arabic language such as Persian literature and Urdu literature. • Arabic literature emerged in the 6th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. • It was the Qur'an in the 7th century which would have the greatest lasting effect on Arabic culture and its literature. • Arabic literature flourished during the Islamic Golden Age and continues to the present day. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  30. Arabic Literature Pre-Islamic literature • The period before the writing of the Qur'an and the rise of Islam is known to Muslims as Jahiliyyah or period of ignorance. Whilst this ignorance refers mainly to religious ignorance. • There was little written literature during this time, most of it was oral traditionliterature . Such as : Al -jahiliyyah poets / Pre-Islamic Poets Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  31. Arabic Literature Qur'an and Islam • The Qur'an had a significant influence on the Arab language. The language used in the Qur'an is called classical Arabic. • It contains injunctions, narratives, homilies, parables, direct addresses from God, instructions and even comments on itself on how it will be received and understood. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  32. Qur'an and Islam (Cont.) • The Qur’an is admired for its layers of metaphor as well as its clarity. • This leads to the doctrine of i'jaz or inimitability of the Qur'an which implies that nobody can copy the work's style and no one should try. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  33. Arabic Literature Qur'an and Islam (Cont.) • This may have exerted dominance over the pre-Islamic poets of the 6th century whose popularity may have vied with the Qur'an amongst the people. There were a marked lack of significant poets until the 8th century. One notable exception was Hassan ibn Thabit who wrote poems in praise of Muhammad and was known as the "prophet's poet“. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  34. Qur'an and Islam (Cont.) • Aside from the Qur'an the Hadith or tradition of what Muhammed is supposed to have said and done are important literature • Some of the most significant collections of Hadith include those by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj and Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  35. Arabic Literature Islamic scholarship • Muhammad (the Blessings and Peace Upon Him) also inspired the first Arabic biographies, known as: Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyyah. • Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyyahwas written early by Wahb ibn Munabbih, but Muhammad ibn Ishaq wrote the best known. • Whilst covering the life of the prophet they also told of the battles and events of early Islam and have numerous digressions on older biblical traditions. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  36. Islamic scholarship (Cont.) • Some of the earliest work studying the Arabic language was started in the name of Islam. • Tradition has it that the caliph Ali, after reading a Qur'an with errors in it, asked Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali to write a work codifying Arabic grammar. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  37. Arabic Literature Arabic poetry • A large proportion of Arabic literature before the 20th century is in the form of poetry, and even prose from this period is either filled with snippets of poetry or is in the form of Sa’ja or rhymed prose. • Sa’ja originally meant the cooing of a dove. • An important feature of the poetry which would be applied to all of the literature was the idea that it must be pleasing to the ear. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  38. Arabic Literature Non-fiction literature • A type of work closely allied to the collection was the manual in which writers like ibn Qutaybah offered instruction in subjects like etiquette, how to rule, how to be a bureaucrat and even how to write. Ibn Qutaybah also wrote one of the earliest histories of the Arabs, drawing together biblical stories, Arabic folk tales and more historical events. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  39. Arabic Literature Fiction literature • The most famous example of Arabic fiction is the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), easily the best known of all Arabic literature and which still affects many of the ideas non-Arabs have about Arabic culture. • A good example of popular Arabic prose fiction is that the stories of Aladdin and Ali Baba . Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD) Prof . Shatha Abu Al - Fatih

  40. Arabic Literature Romantic literature • A famous example of romanticArabic poetry is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet . • "Qays and Lubna" • "Antara and Abla". Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  41. Arabic Literature Modern literature • A revival took place in Arabic literature during the 19th century along with much of Arabic culture and it is referred to in Arabic as al-Nahda(النهضة), or Renaissance. • This resurgence of writing in Arabic was confined mainly to Egypt until the 20th century when it spread to other countries in the region. • This Renaissance was not only felt within the Arab world but also beyond with a great interest in the translating of Arabic works into European languages. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  42. Modern literature (Cont.) • Some of the best known are TahaHussein'sThe Future of Culture in Egypt which was an important work of Egyptian nationalism and the works of Nawal el-Saadawi who campaigns for women's rights. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  43. Arabic Literature Modern literature • The works of Naguib Mahfuz depict life in Cairo, and his Cairo Trilogy, describing the struggles of a modern Cairene family across three generations, won him a Nobel prize for literature in 1988. • He was the first Arabic writer to win the prize. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  44. Modern plays • The most important Arab playwright was Tawfiq al-Hakim whose first play was a re-telling of the Qur'anic story of the Seven sleepers and the second an epilogue for the Thousand and One Nights. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  45. Arabic Literature Women in Arabic literature • Modern Arabic literature has allowed a greater number of female writers' works to be published: • May Ziade, • FadwaTouqan, • Suhayr al-Qalamawi, • UlfatIdlibi, • LaylaBa'albakki , • ZuhrabiMattummal , • HodaBarakat and • AlifaRifaat. They are just some of the novelists and short story writers. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  46. There has also be a number of significant female academics such as Zaynab al-Ghazali, Nawal el-Saadawi and Fatema Mernissi who amongst other subject wrote of the place of women in Muslim society. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD)

  47. Exercise Write in your own words, what is literature ? Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD) 47

  48. ARABIC Vs ENGLISHMain differences & similarities between Arabic language & English language. Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD) 48

  49. I. Main Differences between English & Arabic language: • Two different languages. • Having different alphabets. - English has 26 letters. - Arabic has 28 letters Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD) 49

  50. Arabic Alphabet Dr. Mohammad Gaber (PhD) 50

More Related