Vocabulary – 21 points

1. Vocabulary – 21 points • Each word must be in SENTENCE FORM! You will not get credit for simply copying the definition • George Washington – George Washington was the commander of the Continental Army. • John Burgoyne – John Burgoyne was a British army officer in the Revolutionary War. • Benedict Arnold – Benedict Arnold was a US Army general who later turning traitor. • Neutral– Neutral means not favoring any one side. • Pacifist – A pacifist is someone who is opposed to all war. • Mercenary– A mercenary is a professional soldier hired to fight for another country. • Strategy – A strategy is an overall plan of action. • Rendezvous – A rendezvous is a meeting. • Guerrillas - Guerrillas are small banks of fighters who weaken the enemy with surprise attacks and raids. • Marquis de Lafayette – Marquis de Lafayette was a French aristocrat who volunteered for Washington’s army. • Valley Forge – Valley Forge was where Washington’s army camped the winter of 1777-1778. • George Rogers Clark – George Rogers Clark was a frontiersman who helped defend the frontier. • John Paul Jones – John Paul Jones was a sea commander who attacked British ships near the British coast. • Ally – An ally is a country that agrees to help another country. • Desert – To desert means to leave without permission. • Privateer – A privateer is a privately owned ship that attacks enemy merchant ships. • Lord Cornwallis – Lord Cornwallis was the British general that was defeated at Yorktown. • Redoubt – A redoubt is a small fort. • Treaty of Paris – The 1783 treaty that ended the war. • Disputes – A dispute is a disagreement. • Outposts – An outpost is a military base.

2. Battles of the American Revolution – worth 30 points Saratoga Trenton Who – American: General George Washington. British: British and Hessian soldiers What – American victory Where – Trenton, NJ When – December 26, 1776 Why – Revived American hopes and boosted Washington’s reputation as a military leader • Who – American: Major General Horatio Gates. British: Lieutenant General John Burgoyne • What – Burgoyne surrendered to the Continental Army • Where – Saratoga, NY • When – 1777 • Why – Showed European countries that the U.S. might win – France joined the war

3. Battles of the American Revolution – worth 30 points Frontier Fighting Naval War Who – John Paul Jones What – British navy blockaded American ports, Continental Navy and privateers sank/captured small British vessels Where – British and American coastline When – 1775-1783 Why – John Paul Jones defeat of the Serapis inspired the Americans • Who – George Rogers Clark • What – Raids and surprise attacks on American frontier • Where – West of the Appalachian Mountains • When – 1775-1783 • Why – Slowed European progress, gave the Americans a hold on the region between the Great Lakes and Ohio River

4. Battles of the American Revolution – worth 30 points Yorktown • Who – American and French: General George Washington. British: Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis • What – Last major military operation of American Revolution • Where - Virginia • When – Sept and Oct 1781 • Why – After the British defeat, began peace talks with the Americans

5. Comprehension Questions – worth 30 points • The American Revolution was like a civil war because the Revolution divided the population between those who wanted independence and from Great Britain (patriots) and those who remained loyal to the king (loyalists). The war took place in one country, similar to a civil war. Native Americans were divided between the two sides, as well. • Both America and Britain had troubles raising armies for the Revolutionary War. George Washington had troubles getting men to enlist for more than one year. Also, the government had a hard time supplying the troops. On the other hand, the British required enlistment for life, which many people wanted to avoid. Plus, popular support in Britain was against the war.

6. Comprehension Questions – worth 30 points • The Battles of Trenton and Saratoga help us understand how the American Patriots gained their independence. Before the Battle of Trenton, American morale was low, and many soldiers were deserting the army. General George Washington led a successful campaign against a mix of British soldiers and hired Hessians. The successful campaign lifted morale and restored confidence in Washington’s leadership. During the Battles of Saratoga, American troops led by General Horatio Gates fired upon Burgoyne’s British troops night and day until they surrendered. This victory showed European nations that the Americans might actually win the war against the powerful British empire, leading to the French joining the fight with the Americans.

7. Comprehension Questions – worth 30 points • France and Spain entered the Revolutionary War because Britain had been their enemy for many years and joining the American cause would force Britain to spread its resources over several fronts. • Valley Forge transformed the American army because, despite the hardships, the American troops became a well-disciplined fighting force. Washington’s determination and patriotism led his men through the difficult times. The Baron von Steuben taught them how to handle weapons properly and how to fight the kind of formal battles favored by the British. Because of this, the army emerged from Valley Forge as a more efficient and stronger fighting machine.

8. Comprehension Questions – worth 30 points • Marquis de Lafayette, Baron de Kalb and the Baron von Steuben were all foreign officers who helped Washington during the Revolutionary War. Lafayette was a French aristocrat who volunteered for Washington’s army. He was given command of his own army division, and convinced the King of France to send a 6,000-man army to America. Baron de Kalb was a German officer who served in the French army. He became one of Washington’s generals with a reputation for bravery. The Baron von Steuben taught the troops how to properly handle weapons and how to fight the proper British battle.

9. Comprehension Questions – worth 30 points • The Americans were able to beat the British and gain their independence because the Americans used their advantages (examples: passion, popular support, leadership, foreign allies, communication and supplies, and troop strength [see chart on page 218 of textbook]) to defeat the larger and better trained British army. Also, the Americans had the support of the population who assisted the cause. • The costs of the war included an estimated 27,000 American deaths and about 8,200 were wounded. Also, the war left America with a debt of about $27 million. Many loyalists lost their homes and property during the war and were forced to flee to Canada. The Revolution was a civil war that left both Patriots and Loyalists with bitter memories. Patriots found it especially difficult to forgive Benedict Arnold, who had turned traitor during the war. To this day, the name Benedict Arnold is used to mean traitor.

10. Comprehension Questions – worth 30 points • The Treaty of Paris granted America independence and also established the country’s new borders. • The ideals that emerged from the American Revolution included the idea of republicanism. Republicanism became the foundation of America’s political system. Many people also began to see a conflict between slavery and the American ideal of liberty. The idea of freedom of religion began to spread through the newly independent states. People believed that it was a right and a choice to decide which religion you practiced.

11. Map Questions – worth 8 points • Mississippi River • Spain • Great Britain and Spain • Russia • Spain and Great Britain • Spain and Russia • 30˚N • The Gulf of Mexico (OR Hudson Bay)

12. Russian Territory Hudson Bay Claimed by Spain and Russia British Territory Claimed by GB & US Quebec Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean United States Ohio River Mississippi River Spanish Territory Claimed by Spain & US Worth 24 Points Gulf of Mexico Mexico ↓