The Biomedical Engineers

1. The Biomedical Engineers By: AUW, EWG, MKG, and LGT (Mrs. Reynolds)

2. Who are we and What do we do? • We design items to make sure that the heart will beat properly; the following topics are some that we design. • Our topics are: *Replacement Heart Valves- By: EWG • *Defibrillators and CPR- By: MKG • * Artificial Pacemakers- By: AUW • *Angioplasty-By: LGT

3. The coronary arteries are the arteries that bring blood to the heart When these arteries become clogged and narrowed by fat and cholesterol called plaque this is a sign of coronary artery disease. Angioplasty is a procedure where a balloon is used to open a narrow coronary artery Angioplasty is also used to: Reduce the chances of having a heart attack for a person with very narrow coronary arteries Decrease the pain in the chest that comes when the heart doesn’t get enough blood or oxygen 1977 was the first year when angioplasty was used It was pioneered by Guidant (a scientific company) Some improvements in Angioplasty since then are stents, plaque removers, and lasers Angioplasty has a made a contribution to medicine because it made it so open heart surgery does not have to be used when the person has coronary artery disease, this is an advantage because there are less risks in angioplasty. What is coronary artery disease and angioplasty?

4. What impact does angioplasty have? • Angioplasty is when a balloon is inserted into an artery and inflated • This procedure effects the arteries because the pressure of the balloon will compress and flatten the plaque so the artery can open wider • Some other types of Angioplasty are: Laser angioplasty – Laser “energy” breaks down plaque Atherectomy– drill “cuts away” at plaque • Angioplasty improves the blood flow in the coronary arteries in 90% of its patients • Angioplasty doesn’t totally eliminate the cause of coronary artery disease but it “treats the condition” • Some risks with Angioplasty are: • Bleeding in the groin • Kidney failure • Damage to vessel or valve • Stroke • Death

5. Angioplasty Bibliography • Angioplasty. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.webmd.com/NR/rdonlyres/922EDE2E-CDEE-4130-B3C3-6185D559A258.jpeg> • “What is Coronary Angioplasty?” National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Angioplasty/Angioplasty_WhatIs.html> • “Heart and Cardiovascular.” Yahoo Health. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://health.yahoo.com/centers/heart/83> • “Medical Encyclopedia” Medicine Plus. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002953.htm#Risks> • “Coronary Diliation Catheters” Guidant. 23 Feb. 2006 http://www.guidant.com/products/dilatation.shtml • Diagram of Angioplasty. 23 Feb. 2006 http://yalenewhavenhealth.org/library/healthguide/en-us/images/media/medical/hw/nr55551931.jpg

6. CPR~What is it? • Stands for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a first-aid technique that’s used to keep victims of cardiopulmonary arrest alive and to prevent brain damage while more advanced medical help is on the way. • CPR was invented in 1960. The discoverers of mouth-to-mouth ventilation were Drs. James Elam and Peter Safar. Though mouth-to-mouth resuscitation was described in the Bible (mostly performed by midwives to resuscitate newborns) it fell out of practice until it was rediscovered in the 1950s. • CPR has two goals: • 1. keep blood flowing throughout the body 2. keep air flowing in and out of the lungs

7. CPR~How it works… • While the modern emergency room has high-tech equipment and drugs to help treat victims of cardiopulmonary arrest, CPR is a simple technique that requires barley any equipment. What you have to do: • Blow into the victims mouth to push oxygenated air into the lungs. This allows oxygen to diffuse through the lining of the lungs into the bloodstream. • Compress the victim’s chest to artificially recreate blood circulation.

8. Defibrillators ~ What are they • A defibrillator is a medical device used in the defibrillation of the heart. It consists of a central unit and a set of two electrons. The central unit provides a source of power and control. The two electrodes are placed directly on or in the patient.

9. Defibrillators~How they work… • The device is designed to deliver an electric shock to the patient, in an effort to stop ventricular fibrillation. • There is some risk of electric shock to the operator and others if the operator has not been trained to avoid touching the patient. Other risks include skin burns from the electrodes, abnormal heart rhythms, and blood clots. • delivers an electric shock that stuns the heart momentarily; stopping all activity. This gives the heart a chance to restart normal electrical activity and resume beating effectively.

10. Risks: Picture of a Defibrillator. Feb 23 2006 http://images.amazon.com/images/P/B00064CED6.01._SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg Picture of a Person Saving another Person. 23 Feb 2006 <http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/template-assets-custom/images/CPR.g>if • Victim: If you rescued someone to late, that victim could die. • Helper: He might get electrocuted from the defibrillator Websites: • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://www.redcross-cmd.org/Images/CPR.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.redcross-cmd.org/Show_Courses.cfm%3FCourse_Type_ID%3D1&h=285&w=293&sz=5&tbnid=Zxatn2vWk28xMM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCPR%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DG • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.caregiver-helpline.com/images/heartstarthomedisplay.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.caregiver-helpline.com/NewFiles/philipsdefibrillator.html&h=300&w=300&sz=48&tbnid=n1P6blF_Ae82rM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=9&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddefibrillators%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DN • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/template-assets-custom/images/CPR.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/emergencies/medical/CPR.html&h=229&w=200&sz=7&tbnid=q_AaI6ol517_qM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=89&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCPR%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DG

11. Bibliography • “Automated External Defibrillators (AED).” emedicine. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/10873-8.asp> • “How CPR Works” How Stuff Works. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://science.howstuffworks.com/cpr.htm> • “Dictionary Reference”9 entries found for CPR.” Dictionary. 23 Feb 2006 <http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=CPR> • “Dictionary Reference” 5 entries found for defibrillator <http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=defibrillator> • “5 entries found for defibrillator.” Dictionary. 24 Feb. 2006 <http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=defibrillator>

12. Pacemakers: What are they? • A pacemaker is a device that regulates the heart beat. • An electronic device that is surgically placed in the body to regulate the heartbeat. • A pacemaker is prescribed for people of all ages whose hearts beats too slowly. • A pacemaker is made up of two components: a pulse generator and insulated leads. • More than half a million Americans use a pacemaker. • An electric heart pacemaker can overcome fibrillation. But a risk is that a short circuit might electrocute the patient. Pacemakers. 22 Feb. 2006 <http://public2.bcm.tmc.edu/web/pediatrics/images/Pacemakers.gif>

13. Pacemakers: What are they continued… • The electronic chip in a pulse generator senses the heart’s beat and then the electric signals are sent out, in order to regulate heartbeats and maintain a normal rate. • More than two million pacemakers have been put in since 1960. • John Hopps made the first pacemaker in 1950. • Cellular telephones, medical equipment, power-generating equipment, radiofrequency ablation, microwaves, and therapeutic radiation are devices that put pacemakers at risk. • A contribution that pacemakers made to medicine and science is that it will make a patient’s current heart rhythm and rate electrically stimulate the heart to regularize an abnormal rate or rhythm.

14. A Picture of Pacemaker: Picture of a Pacemaker in the body. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.merck.com/media/mmhe2/figures/fg027_2.gif>

15. Pacemakers: Bibliography • “Pacemakers.” Medline Plus. 17 Feb. 2006 <http://www.engr.iupui.edu/bme/What%20is%20BME.html> • “History of Pacemakers: Technology Development Through the Decades.” Medtronic. 22 Feb. 2006 <http://www.medtronic.com/brady/patient/pacemaker_history.html> • “John Hopps who invented the pacemaker.” eSSORTMENT. 22 Feb. 2006 <http://ct.essortment.com/johnhoppswhoi_rlou.htm> • “Pacemakers.” American Heart Association. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=24> • “Biomedical Engineering in Depth.” 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.engr.iupui.edu/bme/What%20is%20BME.html>

16. A Picture of a Replacement Heart Valve

17. Artificial heart valves are made from pig, cow, or human tissue Luckily when you get this surgery you do not need to take any special drugs but if you get mechanical replacement heart valves you do The 1st replacement heart valve surgery was done in 1994 Some concerns many people think about before getting replacement heart valves are: 1. The possibility that the patient could reject the transplant 2. The patient could get infected with pig viruses Replacement heart valves are used because if you have a problem with the valves in you heart they make it so the blood does not flow backwards. Most valve replacements are done for mistral or aortic valves. Mistral valve is positioned in the heart’s left side, between the left upper chamber (left atrium) and the left lower chamber (left ventricle) The first surgeon to do this surgery was Dr. Dwight Harken, a young U.S. Army surgeon. Aortic valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta (which carries blood to the body). A good thing about replacement heart valves is that they can grow in your heart and become part of the actual heart valve There are 2 types of replacement valve surgery, mechanical and biological (biological is usually used) The advantages to mechanical valves are: they are very durable and they can last a lifetime There are also some disadvantages such as: since there are artificial materials involved the patient will need a life long treatment with blood-thinning treatment (blood-thinners are medications that delay the clotting action of the blood, this can cause heart attack and stroke). Replacement Heart Valves

18. Replacement Heart Valves continued… • The other type of replacement heart valves is the biological (or bioprosthetic) • One disadvantage to this type of replacement heart valve is that this valve is technically more difficult to implant but are more useful in patient with small hypertrophied hearts • The benefit of this valve is enhanced durability, which is related to the use of pericardium (a membrane surrounding the heart) and the specific bioengineering involved in the valve design • Advantages: most patients do not need to be on lifelong blood-thinner medication, unless they have other conditions which warrant it • Disadvantages: traditionally these valves were not considered as durable as mechanical valves, especially in younger people

19. Picture of the Heart

20. BIBLIOGRAPHY (for replacement heart valves) • Peck, Peggy. “Replacement Heart Valves Built to Last, Even Grow.” Web MD. 22 Feb. 2006 <http://www.webmd.com/content/article/27/1728_60097.htm> • Heart Valves and Replacement Valves. 22 Feb. 2006 <http://www.arnoldmoreno.com/myHeart/heartValves.jpg> • Picture of Replacement Heart Valve. 22 Feb. 2006 <http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/disease/valve/valvetreatment.htm?source=overture#valve_replacement> • Gillinov, Marc. “Treatment Options: Heart Valve Surgery and Balloon Valvotomy.” Heart and Vascular Institute. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/disease/valve/valvetreatment.htm?source=overture#valve_replacement> • Picture of Heart. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.sjm.com/procedures/procedure.aspx?name=Heart+Valve+Replacement> • “Hear Valve Replacement.” St. Jude Medical. 23 Feb. 2006 <http://www.sjm.com/procedures/procedure.aspx?name=Heart+Valve+Replacement>

21. The End! Hope You Enjoyed the Presentation!!!!!