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Bell Ringer for 9/10

Bell Ringer for 9/10. Without talking or using the text/your phone: 1. State the difference between cohesion and adhesion. 2. Draw the complete carbon cycle, as best you can, in your notes. Label where you can. You have 5 min. For today. We will revisit your carbon cycle soon Ch. 4 lecture

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Bell Ringer for 9/10

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  1. Bell Ringer for 9/10 Without talking or using the text/your phone: 1. State the difference between cohesion and adhesion. 2. Draw the complete carbon cycle, as best you can, in your notes. Label where you can. You have 5 min

  2. For today • We will revisit your carbon cycle soon • Ch. 4 lecture • Work time: • Carbon and water cycle diagrams w/ annotations and questions • Properties of water foldable

  3. Ch. 4: Chemistry of Carbon Building Blocks of Life

  4. Why study Carbon? • All of life is built on carbon • Cells • ~72% H2O • ~25% carbon compounds • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids • ~3% salts • Na, Cl, K…

  5. Chemistry of Life • Organic chemistry is the study of carboncompounds • C atoms are versatile building blocks • 6 valence e-, 2 in 1st shell making it full, 4 in 2nd shell, each available for bonding • 4 stable covalent bonds H C H H H

  6. Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys

  7. Hydrocarbons • Combinations of C & H • non-polar • not soluble in H2O • hydrophobic • stable • very little attraction between molecules • a gas at room temperature methane(simplest HC)

  8. Hydrocarbons can grow

  9. Basic Naming Rules of Hydrocarbons • Alkanes • Havesingle bonds • Denoted by suffix “-ane” • Formulas fit a CnH2n+2 rule • Alkenes • Havedouble bonds • Denoted by suffix “-ene” • Formulas fit a CnH2n rule • Alkynes • Havetriple bonds • Denoted by suffix “-yne” • Formulas fit a CnH2n-2 rule

  10. Isomers • Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) • different chemical properties • different biological functions 6 carbons 6 carbons 6 carbons

  11. Form affects function • Structural differences create important functional significance • amino acid alanine • L-alanine used in proteins • but not D-alanine • medicines • L-version active • but not D-version • sometimes withtragic results… stereoisomers

  12. Form affects function • Thalidomide • prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s • reduced morning sickness, but… • stereoisomer caused severe birth defects

  13. Diversity of molecules • Substitute other atoms or groups around the carbon • ethane vs. ethanol • H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH) • nonpolar vs. polar • gas vs. liquid • biological effects! ethanol (C2H5OH) ethane (C2H6)

  14. Functional groups • Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions • give organic molecules distinctive properties hydroxylamino carbonylsulfhydryl carboxylphosphate • Affect reactivity • makes hydrocarbonshydrophilic • increase solubility in water

  15. Viva la difference! • Basic structure of male & female hormones is identical • identical carbon skeleton • attachment of different functional groups • interact with different targets in the body • different effects

  16. Hydroxyl • –OH • organic compounds with OH = alcohols • names typically end in -ol • ethanol

  17. Carbonyl • C=O • O double bonded to C • if C=O at end molecule = aldehyde • if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone

  18. Carboxyl • –COOH • C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group • compounds with COOH = acids • fatty acids • amino acids

  19. Amino • -NH2 • N attached to 2 H • compounds with NH2 = amines • amino acids • NH2 acts as base • ammonia picks up H+ from solution

  20. Sulfhydryl • –SH • S bonded to H • compounds with SH = thiols • SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins

  21. Phosphate • –PO4 • P bound to 4 O • connects to C through an O • lots of O = lots of negative charge • highly reactive • transfers energy between organic molecules • ATP, GTP, etc.

  22. Macromolecules Building Blocksof Life

  23. Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules • macromolecules • 4 major classes of macromolecules: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids

  24. H2O HO H HO H HO H Polymers • Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain • monomers • building blocks • repeated small units • covalent bonds Dehydration synthesis

  25. H2O HO H HO H enzyme HO H How to build a polymer You gotta be open to“bonding! • Synthesis • joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • one monomer donates OH– • other monomer donates H+ • together these form H2O • requires energy & enzymes Dehydration synthesis Condensationreaction

  26. H2O HO H enzyme H HO H HO How to break down a polymer Breaking upis hard to do! • Digestion • use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • cleave off one monomer at a time • H2O is split into H+ and OH– • H+ & OH– attach to ends • requires enzymes • releases energy Hydrolysis Digestion

  27. Any Questions??

  28. Carbon Cycle

  29. Carbon Carbon exists in the nonliving environment as: • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Carbonic acid ( HCO3−) • Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral = CaCO3) • Deposits of Fossil fuels • Dead organic matter

  30. Organic Carbon • Hydrocarbons: CH4 • Carbohydrate: CH2O

  31. Inorganic carbon • Carbon Dioxide: CO2 • Calcium Carbonate: CaCO3 Mandale Limestone Quarry

  32. Carbon reservoirs

  33. Carbon reservoirs • The atmosphere. • The biosphere (include fresh water systems and non-living organic material, such as soil carbon). • The oceans ( including dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota). • The lithosphere (sediments, Earth core including fossil fuels).

  34. Carbon Cycle

  35. Carbon is released into the atmosphere in several ways • Respiration by plants and animals. • Decay of animal and plant matter. • Combustion of organic material • Production of cement. • The ocean releases CO2 into the atmosphere. • Volcanic eruptions and metamorphism

  36. Carbon is taken from the atmosphere in several ways • Photosynthesis. • The oceans when the seawater becomes cooler, more CO2 dissolve and become carbonic acid. • In the upper ocean areas organisms convert reduced carbon to tissues, or carbonates.

  37. Photosynthesis • CO2 + H2O + sunlight  CH2O + O2

  38. Respiration • CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

  39. Combustion or Oxidization of hydrocarbon CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + energy

  40. Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle Burning fossil fuels have serious impact on the carbon cycle.

  41. Fossil Fuel 86% of global primary energy consumption is fossil fuels.

  42. Fossil Fuels • Petroleum • Natural Gas • Coal

  43. CO2 Concentration Pre-Industrial value: 280 ppm (600 billion tons) Current value: 395 ppm (850 billion tons) Critical value: 560 ppm (1200 billion tons)

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