Natural Enemies of Important Insect Pests of Field Crops

1. Natural Enemies of Important Insect Pests of Natural Enemies of Important Insect Pests of Field Crops and Utilization as Biological Control p g Agents in Thailand Wiwat Suasaard Wiwat Suasaard Department of Entomology Faculty ofAgriculture Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand National Biological Control Research Center (NBCRC) PO B 9 52 Ch h k B P.O.Box 9-52, Chatuchak, Bangkok,10900, Thailand k k 10900 Th il d

2. Th The purposes of this paper f thi •To present some current activities of the insect pests of economic field crops and their natural enemies their natural enemies. • To manifest the impact of the successful p implementation of effective natural enemies for biological control of insect pests in field crops in Thailand crops in Thailand.

3. Thailand

4. Introduction Introduction I Important field crops in Thailand mportant field crops in Thailand I Important field crops in Thailand mportant field crops in Thailand 2% 2% Sugarcane Cassava 3% Cotton 18% 24% Corn Soybean 25% 28% Coffee Other 0%

5. Insect pests and important natural enemies Insect pests and important natural enemies No. species natural enemies of key pests Field crops Pests Key pests S Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) (S h 192 9 52 Cassava, Manihot esculenta (L.) Crantz 42 5 10 69 6 49 Corn, Zea mays L. 16 2 18 Soy bean, Glycine max L. y , y 39 4 34 Cotton, Gossypium spp.

6. Plants: Parasitic Insect/Predatory Insect/Spider and Entomopathogenic Fungus Pests Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) ff Parasitic Insect: ) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Chilo infuscatellus Bracon chinensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) ( y p ) Chilo sacchariphagus p g Cotesia flavipes** f p (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Chilo tumidicostalis Telenomus beneficiens (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Scirpophaga excerptalis Telenomus rowani (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Elasmus zehneri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Sesamia inferens Tetrastichus schoenobii (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Tetrastichus ayyari (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Trichogramma chilotreae* (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Trichogramma confusum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Trichogramma australicum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Temelucha philippinensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Xanthopimpla stemmator

7. Th The strategy for utilization of natural enemies for biological control in Thailand has been intensively i d b N i l Bi l investigated by National Biological Control Reserch Center (NBCRC) and their cooperative networks since 1978. The basic ground explorations of natural enemies and the evaluation of their control potential and effectiveness as biological control agents. Through g examinations, those inherent natural enemies were then identified and summarized by Charernsom and then identified and summarized by Charernsom and Suasaard (1994). t t f tili ti f t l i f i i l C l R h works including the g these extensive

8. The utilization of natural enemies for augmentative biological control of insect pests in Thailand was initially summarized by Napompeth (1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1992) and subsequently updated by Suasa-ard (2000).

9. Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane g g g g Saccharum officianarium Saccharum officianarium L L Saccharum officianarium Saccharum officianarium L L Saccharum officianarium Saccharum officianarium L. Saccharum officianarium Saccharum officianarium L. L. L.

10. 73 588 187 73,588,187 80,000,000 60,000,000 29,697,092 40,000,000 14 83 842 14,583,842 20,000,000 4,102,160 2,520,093 0 North Center North East East Total Sugarcane production in Thailand 2007-2008 (tons) Sugarcane production in Thailand 2007-2008 (tons) 10

11. The most serious insect pests of The most serious insect pests of sugarcane plantations in Thailand sugarcane plantations in Thailand • Sugarcane moth borers • Chilo tumidicostalis • Chilo sacchariphagus • Chilo infuscatellus • Sesamia inferens f • Scirpophaga excerptalis • Scirpophaga excerptalis 11

12. Infestation area Damage stalks

13. Longhorn stem borer, Dorysthenes buqueti Dorysthenes buqueti

14. Infestation of Lepidiota stigma

15. Important Natural Enemies Trichogramma chilotreae Trichogramma chilotreae Telenomus rowani Telenomus rowani Sugarcane moth Sugarcane moth borers Cotesia flavipes Tetrastichius ayyari Xamthopimpla stemmator Tachinid fly

16. Natural enemies of Dorysthenes buqueti Metarhizium anisopliae White egret Human

17. White grub, Lepidiota stigma Natural enemies Natural enemies M Metarhizium anisopliae h l Food for Human

18. Sugarcane whitefly Natural enemies Amitus sp. Cheilomenes sexmaculata Encarsia ochai Encarsia ochai Coccinella transversalis Azotus sp.

19. Sugarcane scale Aulacaspis tegalensis Aulacaspis tegalensis Natural enemies Cheilomenes sexmaculata Cheilomenes sexmaculata Mallada basalis Coccinella transversalis

20. Natural enemies Sugarcane pink mealybug S h i Saccharicoccus sacchari h i Proreus simulans Coccinella transversalis Chrysopa sp.

21. Cassava Cassava Cassava Cassava Manihot esculenta Manihot esculenta (L ) Manihot esculenta Manihot esculenta (L ) Manihot esculenta Manihot esculenta (L.) Manihot esculenta Manihot esculenta (L.) (L ) (L ) (L.) (L.)

22. Infestation of mealybugs complex

23. Phenacoccus solenopsis Ferrisia virgata Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Phenacoccus madeirensis Phenacoccus manihoti

24. Native natural enemies Cheilomenes sexmaculata Plesiochrysa ramburiMicraspis discolor Micraspis discolor Nephus sp. Brumoides sp. Mallada basalis U id Unidentified coccinellid tifi d i llid

25. Native parasite of Thailand Allotropa sp. Arphenophagus sp. Leptomastrix sp. Unidentified encyrtid

26. Corn Corn Corn Corn Zea mays Zea mays (L ) Zea mays Zea mays (L ) Zea mays Zea mays (L.) Zea mays Zea mays (L.) (L ) (L ) (L.) (L.)

27. Trichogramma sp. Mallada basalis Natural enemies of corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis Proreus simulans Telenomus rowani Paederus fuscipes

28. Natural enemies of corn borer Helicoverpa armigera Eocanthecona furcellata Eocanthecona furcellata Nabis sp. Sycanus collaris

29. Natural enemies of Frankliniella williamsi Amblyseius sp. Wollastoniella rotunda Orius maxidentex Franklinothrip vespiformis

30. Utilization of effectively native Utilization of effectively native Utilization of effectively native natural enemies as biological natural enemies as biological natural enemies as biological control agents in sugarcane control agents in sugarcane control agents in sugarcane fields fields Utilization of effectively native natural enemies as biological control agents in sugarcane

31. Cotesia flavipes Cotesia flavipes

32. Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae Sommartya et al. (2007) reported that all entomopathogenic p fungi infecting D. buquti larvae collected from sugarcane fields throughout Thailand were identified as Metarhizium l anisopliae var. anisopliae. It has been considered the most effective natural enemy to control D buqueti; natural enemy to control D.buqueti; and infects all stages of D.buqueti and kills 100% of infected larvae in and kills 100% of infected larvae in the laboratory within 14 days after inoculation with a suspension of 1x107spores per ml. p g I h l 32

33. M h d l M h d l Methodology Methodology • Education for utilization Education for utilization • Mass production of Natural enemies Mass production of Natural enemies • Utilization in the field • Utilization in the field • Field assessment • Field assessment 33

34. Education for utilization Education for utilization • Introduction of pests and t l i natural enemies of sugarcane f • Benefit of biological control •Application of natural i enemies •Assessment of the project 34

35. Demonstration plots Si d • Six demonstration plots in farmer fields t ti • Four acres per plot •Field days 35

36. Mass production of C. flavipes

37. Mass Production of Mass Production of M. anisopliae Mass Production of Mass Production of M. anisopliae M. anisopliae M. anisopliae pure culture pure culture pure culture pure culture

38. Mass production Mass production of of of of of of M. anisopliae M. anisopliae M. anisopliae M. anisopliae Mass production Mass production of of

39. Mass production of M. Mass production of M. anisopliae was carried out by colonisation of cooked rice at colonisation of cooked rice at the National Biological Control Research Center (NBCRC) Research Center (NBCRC) Research Center (NBCRC) Central Regional Center, Kamphaeng Saen Nakhon Kamphaeng Saen Nakhon Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. About 3000 kg of fresh c lt re on cooked rice c lt re on cooked rice culture on cooked rice were produced monthly for li i d li i d application and evaluation in the fields. the fields. anisopliae was carried out by the National Biological Control Research Center (NBCRC) Central Regional Center, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. About 3000 kg of fresh culture on cooked rice were produced monthly for application and evaluation in ere ere l l i i i i

40. Field application and evaluation Field application and evaluation were done in Nakhon Pathom, Kanchanaburi and Suphanburi provinced in the Central Region of h il d Thailand Field application and evaluation

41. Application of Application of M. anisopliae Application of Application of M. anisopliae pp pp pp pp M. anisopliae in the field M. anisopliae in the field p p p p in the field in the field 41

42. Result of Result of C. flavipes C. flavipes released fields f p f p released fields Success of C. flavipes for control sugarcane moth borers was confirmed in 1995-1997 and 1999-2000

43. Impact of the project:farmers satisfaction Additional impacts of the success of the project can be id t f th ti i made evident from the questionnaires. There were 621 sugarcane farmers collaborated with the project and were asked to give their t th ti i f response to the questionnaires for the assessment of the project. d Th 621 th t f th j t 80% h d th • 80% had the perception in solving insect pest problems by natural enemy applications ti i l i i t t bl b • 88% of the farmers gained more knowledge and apprehension in biological control of sugarcane insect pests pp e e s o b o og c co o o sug c e sec pes s 43

44. Utilization of native natural Utilization of native natural Utilization of native natural enemies as biological control enemies as biological control enemies as biological control agents in cassava fields agents in cassava fields agents in cassava fields agents in cassava fields Utilization of native natural enemies as biological control

45. Plesiochrysa ramburi t t ( (Neuroptera Neuroptera: : Chrysopidae ( (N N Ch Ch Chrysopidae) ) id id ) ) Mallada basalis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

46. M h d l M h d l Methodology Methodology • Education for utilization • Mass production of M. basalis & P. ramburi • Field release natural enermies • Field assessment 46

47. Education for utilization Education for utilization • Introduction of pests and t l i natural enemies of cassava f • Benefit of biological control •Application of natural i enemies •Assessment of the project 47

48. Small group training in g p the farm g • Introduction of natural i enemy species • Mass rearing g •Method of release •Augmentation C ti • Conservation 48

49. Mass production of M basalis of M.basalis

50. Mass production of P b i P. ramburi