1 / 46

BIOCEN Summer School Valladolid 2011 Work group : Krzysztof Piotrowski Student group :

Technological strategies for biohydrogen production. BIOCEN Summer School Valladolid 2011 Work group : Krzysztof Piotrowski Student group : Natalia Alonso-Movilla Christoph Krüger Lina Glittmann Inka Mella Agnieszka Korus Ewa Borowska. Contents. Introduction Fermentative process

qamra
Download Presentation

BIOCEN Summer School Valladolid 2011 Work group : Krzysztof Piotrowski Student group :

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Technological strategies for biohydrogen production BIOCEN SummerSchool Valladolid 2011 Workgroup: KrzysztofPiotrowski Studentgroup: Natalia Alonso-Movilla ChristophKrüger Lina Glittmann InkaMella AgnieszkaKorus EwaBorowska

  2. Contents • Introduction • Fermentativeprocess • Feedstock • Bioreactors • Kinetics • Adaptation of existingplants

  3. Hydrogen – General information • Energy carrier • Clean fuel: No CO2 emissions • Used in fuel cells • High energy yield: 122 kJ/g • More orless 3 times greaterthanhydrocarbonfuels • Producedfrom a wide variety of primary energy sources • 5 % fromrenewablessources

  4. European hydrogen infrastructure and production • Europeandistribution of hydrogen demonstration projects Source: www.roads2hy.com

  5. Role of hydrogen in the future • Keytechnology for future sustainable energy supply. Source: Int. J. Hydrogen Energ 2010; 74:16-26

  6. Hydrogen from biomass • Pathways from biomass to hydrogen: • Fermentativetechnologies can contributeto a futuresustainablehydrogeneconomy Source: Int. J. Hydrogen Energ 2010; 74:16-26

  7. Raw materials for biohydrogenproduction Categorized as: Lignocellulosicbiomass (i.e. grass, wood, straw), Starchy biomass (i.e. potato, cereals, food, starch-based wastewater), Sucrose containing biomass (i.e. sugar beet, sugar cane, sweet sorghum), Waste oil (POME),

  8. Characteristic data of selected kinds of biomass. Source: Journal of cleanerproduction, Raw materials for fermantativeproduction.

  9. In Castile and Leon… • Agriculture-basedeconomy. • Main sourse of organicwaste: • swine manure, poultry manure, cow manure, • fruit wastes, industry (winery, wood). • The crops cultivated: • cereals (Wheat), • legume, • sunflower.

  10. Estimated production yields of anaerobic reactors treating agricultural waste. Source: Hydrogenproductionfromagrocultural waste by darkfermentation: review.

  11. Factors influencingfermentativebiohydrogen production

  12. CulturepH • Influence on • hydrogenase activity • metabolism pathway

  13. Hydraulic retention time • Depends on differentmetabolisms • Inhibitsor terminatesmethanogenesis • Rangesfrom a fewminutes to severalhours

  14. Hydrogen partial pressure • Hydrogenpartial pressure ↗ Hydrogenyield ↘ • Excessof thehydrogen must be removedfrom the system to maintain hydrogen production • Solution: loweringdissolved H2with N2

  15. Nutrients • Necessary supplements: nitrogen, phosphate and other inorganic species • NorgbetterthanNinorg • Excessof phosphate may favor VFAs and hydrogen production over solvents production • Inorganicions: Mg2+, Na+, Zn2+, Fe2+

  16. Temperature • Mesophilicrange (around 37 0C) and thermophilicrange (around 55 0C) • T↗improvement of hydrogen production, T↗ ↗ (out of therange)decrease in hydrogen production

  17. Seed culture • Clostridium and Enterobacter are themost widely used as inoculum • Problem of pureculturesormixedcultures • Mixedcultures aremore practical Clostridium bifermentans (spores) Source: http://bacterioweb.univ-fcomte.fr/

  18. Kinetic model • Mathematical models based on experiments • Description of reaction processes conditions influence of inhibitors /activators • generalized  Application in similar reactions

  19. Gompertz model Type of mathematical model for time-dependend functions Here: Kinetic model for Batch fermentative H2-production processes Source: Int. J. (2009) 33:13-23 • Describesthecumulative H2-Production (H) overthecultivation time t • the lag time (λ) stands for the period until the Production starts • The slope (Rm) describes the Production rate • The maximum potential production (P) is described by the upper Asymptote lag time (λ) slope (Rm) Max. potential production (P)

  20. Gompertz model Advantages • Accurate • Easy to adopt • Universal • Constants have biological meaning  better understanding of a process • Widely used H(t)=H2-production in ml over cultivation time (t) in h P=Potential (ml) Rm=Rate (ml/h) λ =Lag time (h) e=Euler‘sNumber (e = 2.71828...) Rm e P H(t) - t λ P Source: Int. J. (2009) 33:13-23

  21. H2fromglucosebatchfermentationParameter • Temperature : Best 41°C // cost-effective 35°C • Cultivation: pH 7 // enhancement: pH 3 • Withoutsludgepreacidification • Pretreatmenttostopmethanogens: BSR: “bacterial stress respond-mechanism" • Best treatment methods: chemical acidification Text: Appl M. Biot. (2002) 58:224-228 Text: Appl M. Biot. (2006) 72:635-643 Abb.: Int. J. (2006) 78:0-5

  22. H2fromglucosebatchfermentationResults • Clostridiumbutyricum • No methane production • H2 yield below the yields of pure Clostridium cultures • Example cattle manure: • H2 yield: up to 430ml/g VSS • Lag time: around 8h • Rate: 35 ml/h Appl M. Biot. (2006) 72:635-643

  23. Sucrose/Food waste/NFDM results • Variation: Substrate concentration • Low pH <4 : inhibition • Productivity depends on substratesconcentration • organic acids Int. J. (2006) Wen-Hsing Chen

  24. Starch/glycerol results • Variation: different Inoculum • no production from oil • Sludge influences starch • Activated inoculum (better • 1,3 propanediol from glycerol Int. J. (2009) Yohei Akutsu

  25. Glycerolresults • Variable: Sludge concentration • By-products: butyric acid, acetic acid and 1.3 propanediol • low concentration 1,16 g VSS/L • No limitation from nitrogen

  26. Glycerol results Int. J. (2009) K. Seifert

  27. Bioreactors used for biohydrogen production

  28. Anaerobicdigestion plant a/b/c: Vertical, completely-stirred tank reactor (a/b: mechanical stirring; c: biogasmixing),

  29. Anaerobicdigestion plant d/e: Horizontalplug-flowreactor (mechanicalstirring)

  30. Biogasplants for hydrogenproduction – newpossibilities…

  31. Hydrogen production in the biogas plant

  32. Hydrogenproducers • Species for mesophilicfermentation - Clostridium (C.pasteurianum, C.saccharobutylicum, C. butyricum), Enterobacter (E. aerogenes) and Bacillus • Species for thermophilicfermentation – Thermoanaerobacteriumthermosaccharolyticum, Caldicellulosiruptor (C. saccharolyticus, C. thermocellum), Bacillus thermozeamaize

  33. Hydrogenyielddepends on: • Feedstocktype • Processconditions • Reactor construction • Presence of H2 consumers and metabolic competitors

  34. H2consumers and thetreatmentmethods

  35. Homoacetogenic bacteria • Anaerobic microorganisms which catalyze the formation of acetate from H2 and CO2. • They decrease significantly the hydrogen yield. Hydrogen is consumed by acetogenic bacteria. • Prevention method: • Heating pretreatment –do not remove some Clostridium • Operating parameters e.g. removing CO2

  36. H2 consumers and thetreatmentmethods

  37. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) • The most efficientbiochemicalreactionusinghydrogen involves the sulfate/nitrate-reducing microorganisms. • Under sulfate-rich conditions – hydrogen (also CO2 and VFA)isimmediately consumed. • Prevention method: maintain pH lower than 6

  38. H2 consumers and thetreatmentmethods

  39. Methanogens (MPB) • Main hydrogen consumers • Prevention methods: • Chemical inhibition – Bromoethanesulfonate (BES), acetylene and chloroform. Not environmental friendly and too expensive. • Low pH maintaining – most methanogens can growonly at pH between 6-8. In absence of pH control during a batch process, an acidic initial pH is strongly recommended. • Heat treatment of the inoculum– 100ᵒC for 10 min – methanogens do not sporulateand do not survive such conditions. The most common treatment. • Short hydraulic retention time – methanogensareunable to create biofilm because of a low growh rate so they can be washed out of the reactor. In most cases – retention time less than 6h.

  40. Metabolic competitors

  41. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) • Replacement of hydrogen fermentation by lactic acid fermentation. • Prevention method: increaseinthetemperature above 50ᵒC. • Growth of LAB can be limited only in thermophilic fermentation.

  42. HydrogenvsMethane… Heatvalue per mass unit H2 CH4 141.88MJ/kg 52.21MJ/kg

  43. But… Heatvalue per volume unit H2 CH4 12,84MJ/m3 40,78MJ/m3

  44. Yield… swine manure food waste H2 209ml/gVS 196ml/gVS CH4 266ml/gVS 229ml/gVS

  45. Efficiencyvsecology • Hydrogenyield and heatvalue per volumeislowerthanmethane – less energy can be obtainfrombiomass. BUT… • Hydrogencombustiondoes not contribute air contamination – theonlyproduct of thereactionis WATER.

  46. Recomention of biohydrogen plant for Castile and Leon region. • Agriculturaldomination of wheatwithmaincomponentglucose. • Optimalconditions: pH 6, temperature 35 0C, process time up to 60 h. • Type of inocculum: Clostridiumbutyricum • Preteatmentmethod: • Bioreactor: possibility of adaptation of existingbiogas plant for biohydrogenproduction.

More Related