WORLD WAR LOOMS

1. WORLD WAR LOOMS In response to the fighting in Europe, the United States provides economic and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory.

2. Learning Objectives: Section 4 America Moves Towards War • 1. Describe the U.S. response to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939. • 2. Explain how Roosevelt assisted the Allies without declaring war. • 3. Summarize the events that brought the United States into armed conflict with Germany. • 4. Describe the American response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

3. SECTION 4 America Moves Toward War The United States Musters Its Forces • Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality • 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass “cash-and-carry” provision • Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep U.S. out of war Continued . . . NEXT

4. SECTION 4: AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR • In September of 1939 (invasion of Poland), Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a “cash & carry” provision that allowed nations to buy U.S. arms and transport them in their own ships America sold weapons to Allied nations for cash

5. Chapter 16 Section 4MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • A – What impact did the outbreak of the war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and defense policy? • Revision of the Neutrality Acts; • Dramatically increased defense spending; • Institution of the nation’s first peacetime draft.

6. SECTION 4 America Moves Toward War The United States Musters Its Forces • The Axis Threat • 1940, FDR tries to provide Britain “all aid short of war” • Germany, Japan, Italy sign Tripartite Pact, mutual defense treaty • - become known as Axis Powers • Pact aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on two oceans Continued . . . NEXT

7. THE AXIS THREAT RISES, BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT • Axis powers were making great progress across Europe – France fell to Germany in 1940 • The Axis powers were formidable – Germany, Italy and Japan • Hoping to avoid a two-ocean war, FDR scrambled to support Britain • He provided 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns and numerous ships

10. B – Why did Roosevelt take one “unneutral” step after another to assist Britain and the • Soviet Union in 1941? • FDR believed that the best way to stop the axis powers was to help their opponents – mainly Britain and the Soviet Union.

11. SECTION 4 continuedThe United States Musters Its Forces • Building U.S. Defenses • Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S. defense spending • First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training and Service Act: • - draftees to serve for 1 year in Western Hemisphere only NEXT

12. U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE • Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase spending for national defenses and reinstitute the draft • FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in 1940 • The majority of voters were unwilling to switch presidents during such a volatile time in history FDR pushed for huge defense spending

13. SECTION 4 continuedThe United States Musters Its Forces • Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term • FDR breaks two-term tradition, runs for reelection • Republican Wendell Willkie has similar views on war • FDR reelected with 55% of votes NEXT

14. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Defeated Wendell Willkie in the 1940 Presidential Election

15. D – Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall of 1941? • German U-boats were attacking American ships.

16. SECTION 4 “The Great Arsenal of Democracy” • The Lend-Lease Plan • FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to conquer world • - U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy” • By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms • 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease supplies for defense Continued . . . NEXT

17. THE GREAT ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY • To support Britain, FDR established a “Lend- Lease Plan” which meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America • America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of Democracy” supplying weapons to fighting democracies

18. E – How was oil a source of conflict between Japan and the United States? • Japan needed oil, and the United States had placed an embargo on it to protest Japanese aggression in Indochina.

19. GR: America Moves Toward War • 1. Permitted nations to buy U.S. armaments as long as they paid cash and carried the goods away in their own ships.

20. U.S. arsenal of the world

21. SECTION 4 “The Great Arsenal of Democracy” • Supporting Stalin • 1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades Soviet Union • Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet Union Continued . . . NEXT

22. U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN In June of 1941, Hitler broke the agreement he made with Stalin in 1939 FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to the USSR Canned pork prepared in Ohio for lend-lease shipment to the USSR. Canned pork prepared in Ohio for lend-lease shipment to the USSR.

23. SECTION 4 continued“The Great Arsenal of Democracy” • German Wolf Packs • Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys • Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines patrol North Atlantic • - sink supply ships • FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats in self-defense NEXT

24. CONVOY

25. U.S. SUPPORTS German U-boatstraveled in“wolf packs”at night torpedoing weapon shipments headed for the Britain and the USSR FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense

26. GR: America Moves Toward War • 2. Japan, Germany, Italy; • if the U.S. declared war on any of the Axis powers, it would have to fight a two-ocean war.

27. SECTION 4 FDR Plans for War • Shoot on Sight • Germans fire on U.S. ship, FDR orders navy to shoot U-boats on sight • U-boat attacks lead Senate to repeal ban on arming merchant ships NEXT

28. Germans begin attacking American merchant ships. US Navy enter undeclared state of war.

29. SECTION 4 FDR Plans for War • The Atlantic Charter • FDR’s proposal to extend the term of draftees passes House by 1 vote • FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter—joint declaration of war aims • Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the United Nations” or Allies • • Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26 nations sign Declaration NEXT

30. THE ATLANTIC CHARTER Late in 1941, FDR and Churchill met secretly and agreed on a series of goals for the war Among their goals were collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas This “Declaration of the United Nations” was signed by 26 nations FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in Newfoundland waters

31. C – Why was the Atlantic Charter important? It set forth the war aims of the Allies.

32. GR: America Moves Toward War • 3. Allowed the president to lend or lease arms and supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the U.S”

33. SECTION 4 Japan Attacks the United States • Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific • • Hideki Tojo—chief of staff of army that invades China, prime minister • Japan seizes French bases in Indochina; U.S. cuts off trade • Japan needs oil from U.S. or must take Dutch East Indies oil fields Continued . . . NEXT

36. GR: America Moves Toward War • 4. punished Japan with a trade embargo

37. GR: America Moves Toward War • 5. • Collective security; • disarmament, • self-determination, • economic cooperation, • freedom of the Jews

38. SECTION 4 Japan Attacks the United States • Peace Talks are Questioned • 1941 U.S. breaks Japanese codes; learns Japan planning to attack U.S. • Peace talks with Japan last about 1 month • December 6, Japanese envoy instructed to reject all U.S. proposals Continued . . . NEXT

41. SECTION 4 continuedJapan Attacks the United States • The Attack on Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor • 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded • Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged NEXT

42. JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES • While tensions with Germany mounted, Japan launched an attack on an American naval base • Japan had been expanding in Asia since the late 1930s • Early on the morning of December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the largest American naval base – Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

44. GR: America Moves Toward War • 6. The Allies • USA • BRITAIN • FRANCE • USSR –Soviet Union • China

45. SECTION 4 continuedJapan Attacks the United States • Reaction to Pearl Harbor • Congress approves FDR’s request for declaration of war against Japan • Germany, Italy declare war on U.S. • U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic, Pacific Oceans NEXT

46. ATTACK KILLS 2,403 AND WOUNDS 1,178; U.S. DECLARES WAR • The surprise raid on Pearl Harbor by 180 Japanese planes sank or damaged 21 ships and 300 planes • The losses constituted more than the U.S. Navy had suffered in all of WWI • The next day, FDR addressed Congress, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, (is) a date which will live in infamy” • The United States declared war on Japan and three days later Germany and Italy

47. GR: America Moves Toward War • 7. Almost destroyed it

50. GR: America Moves Toward War • 8. They had signed a mutual defense treaty with Japan in which they agreed to come to each other’s aid in the event of an attack.