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“Which of the following food safety issues are you most concerned about?”

What Concerns Consumers?. “Which of the following food safety issues are you most concerned about?”. Pesticide residues 48.7 % Food additives 19.8 % Food poisoning 18.5 % Antibiotics 3.8 % Hormones 3.6 % No answer 5.6 %. 1990 survey of KY residents. What Do Consumers

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“Which of the following food safety issues are you most concerned about?”

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  1. What Concerns Consumers? “Which of the following food safety issues are you most concerned about?” Pesticide residues 48.7 % Food additives 19.8 % Food poisoning 18.5 % Antibiotics 3.8 % Hormones 3.6 % No answer 5.6 % 1990survey of KY residents

  2. What Do Consumers Prefer? Which method of pest control would you most prefer that food producers use?” Spray pesticides when necessary 30.5 % Use genetically modified crops 42.2 % to reduce pesticide use Use of post-harvest irradiation 11.9 % Organic methods (volunteered)* 10.5 % No response 4.9 % * 1999 survey of KY residents

  3. Know Before You Grow!

  4. Yield Nutrition Pest protection Industrial products Heartier plants Rx Where is Biotech Going? Gene silencing Multi-gene transfer Single-gene transfer Modifying gene expression

  5. Transgenic Introductions • 1994 - Calgene’sFlavr-savr tomato • 1995 - Newleaf potato • 1995 - Virus-resistant squash • 1996 - Roundup Ready soybeans • 1996 - Bt corn • 1996 - Bt cotton • 1997 - Liberty Link Corn • 1997 - Roundup Ready Corn • 1998 - Bt sweet corn • 2000 – Bt potato discontinued • 2000 – Liberty link corn discontinued • 2001 – Nicotine-free tobacco

  6. Biotech Tools in Agriculture FlavrSavr Tomato Freedom II Squash * Laurical Canola UH Papaya * Liberty Link Corn New Leaf Potato * New Leaf Plus Potato * Attribute Sweet Corn * Bollgard Cotton * Bollgard II Cotton * Roundup Ready Soybean Roundup Ready Cotton Roundup Ready Canola Roundup Ready Corn Roundup Ready Alfalfa BXN Cotton Liberty Link Cotton Liberty Link Rice Widestrike Cotton * VIP Cotton * Bt Tomato * YieldGard Corn * YieldGard Rootworm Corn * YieldGard Plus * Herculex Corn * Vector Tobacco * Viptera Corn * StarLink Corn * Knockout Corn * NatureGard Corn * Bt-xtra Corn * * Affects insect management

  7. GM Corn Worldwide • United States 85% GM • Canada 84% GM • Argentina 83% GM • South Africa 57% GM • Brazil 36% GM • Spain 20% GM • Phillipines 19% GM • China ? Source: Genetically modified plants: Global Cultivation Area Maize GMO Compass, March 29, 2010,

  8. Yield Benefit by Planting Date 7-Year Average (1998-2004) Bessin, Johnson, and Herbek, UKREC Princeton.

  9. The Logic of Pest Management • It takes a critical level of a pest(s) before controls are initiated • Factors that must be considered • Value of the crop • Cost of control • Potential losses • Level of the pest • Alternatives

  10. Economic Thresholdsvs Economic Injury level EIL Number Of Pests ET Time Apply control

  11. Pest Management Changes • Higher input costs/grain prices • Effect of Economic thresholds? • Preventive Controls • Bt crops • Seed treatments • All seed treated • More stacked Bts

  12. Bt corn- the early years • Mycogen “NatureGard” • Ciba “KnockOut” • AgrEvo “StarLink” • Syngenta “Agrisure CB” • Monsanto “YieldGard CB” • Dow/Pioneer “Herculex 1” • Monsanto “YieldGard RW” • Dow/Pioneer “Herculex RW” • Syngenta “Agrisure RW” • Monsanto “YieldGard VT RW” • Monsanto “YieldGard VT Pro”

  13. How Bt Kills Some Insects • 1. Insect eats Bt crystals and spores. • 2. The toxin binds to specific receptors in the gut and the insects stops eating. • 3. The crystals cause the gut wall to break down, allowing spores and normal gut bacteria to enter the body. • 4. The insect dies as spores and gut bacteria proliferate in the body.

  14. Bt Types for Corn Pests © Bessin 2011

  15. Insects Controlled by Bt Corn

  16. Refuge in the Bag (Integrated refuge) © Bessin 2009

  17. Transformation Events for Corn Pests Product Active Ingredients YieldGard Corn Borer Cry1Ab YieldGard Rootworm Cry3Bb1 YieldGard Plus Cry1Ab+Cry3Bb1 HerculexCry1F Herculex RW Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 HerculexXtraCry1F+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 Agrisure CB Cry1Ab Agrisure RW mCry3A Agrisure CB/RW Cry1AB+mCry3A YieldGard VT RW Cry3Bb1 YieldGard VT 3 Cry1Ab+Cry3Bb1 YieldGard VT 2 Pro Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2 YieldGard VT 3 Pro Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2+Cry3Bb1 SmartStaxCry1F+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1+Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2+Cry3Bb1 Op. AcreMax 1 90% Cry1F+Cry1Ab+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 with 10% Cry1F+Cry1Ab Optimum AcreMax RW90%Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 Optimum IntrasectCry1F+Cry1Ab Optimum IntrasectXtra Cry1F+Cry1Ab+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 AgrisureVipteraCry1Ab+Vip3A+ mCry3A Optimum AcreMax 90% Cry1F+Cry1Ab Optimum AcreMaxXtra 90% Cry1F+Cry1Ab+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1

  18. MONSANTO, DOW AGREEMENT PAVES THE WAY FOR INDUSTRY’S FIRST-EVER, EIGHT-GENE STACKED OFFERING IN CORNStacked product combines Dow AgroSciences’ and Monsanto’s insect-protection and weed control trait technologies; product set to deliver greater performance, value and options for farmersINDIANAPOLIS and ST. LOUIS (Sept. 14, 2007) – Monsanto (NYSE: MON) and Dow AgroSciences LLC, a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW), have reached a cross-licensing agreement aimed at launching SmartStax™, the industry’s first-ever eight-gene stacked combination in corn. The agreement is expected to create a new competitive standard for stacked-trait offerings and present an expanded growth opportunity for both companies’ seed brands and traits businesses by the end of the decade. Cry1F + Cry34Ab1 + Cry35Ab1 + Cry3Bb1 + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 Roundup Ready 2 + Liberty Link

  19. DeKalb 63-74,YieldGard Plus, July 26, 2007: Mike Gray, Univ of IL

  20. HxXTRAMycogen 2T787, Urbana, IL, July 9, 2007: Mike Gray, Univ. of IL

  21. Resistance Management • High-dose refuge strategy • Goal 500 : 1 ratio of susceptible to resistant • KEY ASSUMPTIONS • Random mating • High dose event at correct time/tissue in plant • Frequency of resistance initially low • No more than 80% Bt corn • Refuge within ½ mile for CB Bt’s • Refuge immediately adjacent for RW and CB/RW Bt lines • Refuge within the field

  22. What is the size your “B.t.” corn refuge? Early Bird Meetings Turning Point Data 90 respondents 2008

  23. What is the size your “B.t.” corn refuge?

  24. Are you worried about resistance to “B.t.” traits ? Early Bird Meetings Turning Point Data 101 respondents 2008

  25. Bt Corn Technology • 1st generation Bt corns (since 1996) • Single toxin to control pests • Stacked toxins to control additional pests • Traditional minimum 20% structured refuge YieldGard CB Yieldgard RW Yieldgard plus Yieldgard VT3 Herculex 1 Herculex RW HerculexXtraAgrisure CB Agrisure RW Agrisure 3000GT

  26. Bt Corn Technology • 2nd generation Bt corns (since 2009) • Stacked toxins to control a pest (dual mode of action!) • More difficult for pests to develop resistance • Some have EPA approved 5% structured refuge YieldGard VT2 Pro (5%) Optimum Intrasect (5%) Optimum IntrasectXtra (20%) SmartStax (5%) AgrisureViptera 3110 (20%)

  27. Corn Earworm Damaged Kernels – cm2 (8/17/10) per ear a a b b b b c N=20 Single toxin Pyramided toxins KY: Bessin

  28. Pyramiding Genes • Impart resistance to a single pest through independent host pathways Refuge adults Adults from 1 gene Bt Adults from pyramiding Gene Bt # individuals emerging

  29. Bt Corn Technology • 3rd generation Bt corn (since 2010) • Refuge in the Bag, “one bag solution” • Refuge corn seed mixed into Bt seed • Not as effective, but ensures compliance • More convenience for growers AcreMax RW AcreMax 1 AcreMax AcreMaxXtra SmartStax Refuge Advanced Agrisure EZ Refuge SmartStax RIB Complete YieldGard VT2 Pro RIB Complete Awaiting EPA approval

  30. Kernel damage for HX1xYGCB pure stand vs. refuge blend (UK Spindletop 2010) Fall Armyworm E. And SW. Corn borers Kernel damage cm2

  31. Future Directions for Bt Corn • Resistance Management • Redundant Bt genes • SmartStax • Refuge in the Bag • AcresMax, EZ Refuge • Broader-spectrum • More genes • YieldGard VT Pro

  32. What are the Issues with GM Crops ? Volunteer Corn in Soybeans Impact on corn rootworm management • Food for larval development • Food for adults and egg laying • Segregating Bt traits

  33. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Herbicide resistance: May create “super weeds” Canola Corn Squashes Cotton Sorghum Soybeans Potato Tomato

  34. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Impact on Non-targets: Monarch butterfly

  35. Impact on Non-targets: • Argument: • Monarch populations are threatened by Bt-corn • Cornell and Iowa State Universities published articles that demonstrated the potential problem • Bt-corn pollen drifting onto milkweed is eaten by monarch caterpillars • Milkweeds within 1 to 3 yards of the Bt-corn may be contaminated

  36. Response: • These studies conducted in the lab were worst case scenarios (high dose, no choice) • Factors not considered include: • Rainfall Time of pollen shed • Bt pollen avoidance Insecticide reduction • Distribution of weeds • EPA concluded that Bt corn does not threaten monarchs and it may even have a positive effect • (GM crops more selective and less damaging)

  37. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Resistance Management ECB CRW Compatibility with multiple pests? CEW, FAW, BAW, WBCW, SCB, SWCB Compatibility with multiple GM crops? Corn, Soy, Cotton, Wheat

  38. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Marker Genes: Antibiotic resistance may move to harmful microbes

  39. Argument: • Antibiotic resistance may move to harmful microbes • Microbes do exchange genes, but not understood • Limited number of clinical antibiotics • Other types of markers available • Response: • Exchange of genetic material is rare • Type of antibiotic resistance is common in nature

  40. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Allergenicity Brasil nut proteins in soy beans. Potential allergens: Milk, peanuts, tree nuts, sesame seeds,eggs, fish, shellfish, etc. Taco Bell shells and StarLink

  41. StarLink Controversy: • Found in Taco Bell taco shells, 300+ products recalled in late 2000 and early 2001 • Japan and Korea reduced US corn purchases • Maybe 0.14% US grain contained StarLink • StarLink may be a food allergen…may not • Concern: it breakdowns slowly • No method to know if it is an allergen • Experts (CDC) feel there is no immediate risk and no one has gotten sick

  42. StarLink Controversy: • Aventis stopped sale ofStarLink seed • Aventis bought back StarLink grain • Avetnisseeked approval for human food use, but was denied • Points to problems with current grain handling and channeling in US • May be another year or more before it is completely out of the system (2003?)

  43. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Traits from GM crops will get into wild corn populations If traits do get into wild populations, what is the harm?

  44. Traits from GM crops will get into wild corn populations • Argument: • GM crops will interbreed with wild relatives • This will reduce the genetic diversity of these wild populations • Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico have GM traits in wild corns • Response: • So far , not found in the wild races maintained at CIMMYT

  45. What are the Benefits with GM crops ? Reduced pesticide usage 1997 - 20% corn insecticide reduction with Bt corn 1999 - 90% insecticide reduction with Bt sweet corn

  46. Chemical Insecticide Use, Major States (1996) Lepidopteran Control Fresh market sweet corn: Processing sweet corn: Field Corn: All Insect Pests Cotton: Lbs. A.I./Acre/Yr. 2.90 0.32 0.02 1.77

  47. What are the Benefits with GM crops ? Plant pesticides impact non-targets less: Black swallowtail butterfly

  48. What are the Benefits with GM crops ? Plant pesticides crops compliment biological control (?) Reducing reliance on pesticides

  49. What are the Benefits with GM crops ? Increased yields: Reducing need to expand acreage China has corn acreage equal to that in US but yield, is 1/2 Asian C-4 Rice, 35% yield increase

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