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IT Exam revision 2012

IT Exam revision 2012. Problem Solving Methodology. Problem solving methodology. Analysis. Design. Development. Evaluation. Solution Requirements. Solution Design. Manipulation. Strategy. Solution Constraints. Evaluation Criteria. Documentation. Report. Validation.

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IT Exam revision 2012

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  1. IT Exam revision 2012

  2. Problem Solving Methodology

  3. Problem solving methodology Analysis Design Development Evaluation Solution Requirements Solution Design Manipulation Strategy Solution Constraints Evaluation Criteria Documentation Report Validation Scope of solution Testing

  4. Problem solving methodology 4 Stages 11 Activities Fill in the correct activities under each stage

  5. IT Theory

  6. Data & Information Data is unprocessed, unorganized and discrete facts, figures or ideas. Eg 16, 17, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 16 Quantitative: in number form Qualitative: in a “quality” Information is refined, organized and value added facts, figures or ideas.

  7. PRIMARY & SECONDARY DATA SOURCES Primary source data: facts obtained through measurement, data collection forms, interviews, direct observation or by electronic mail. Secondary source data: gathered from the published work of someone else eg books, newspapers, magazines, online databases, the Internet, etc

  8. QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE DATA Quantitative data is measurable and specific and therefore easier to chart or graph. It is usually gathered through surveys, questionnaires and observation. Eg Fifty percent of market attendees bought a product from the market. Qualitative data is harder to measure. Use interviews, video footage and observation to gather the data. Rich descriptions to find themes. Eg on a cold and wet winter’s day, many older members of the community turned up to the market dressed in raincoats, scarfs and carrying umbrellas

  9. Components of an information system People An Information System is people using computer equipment to process data following certain procedures. Data Procedures: Who does What and When? Equipment: Hardware and Software (incl.OS)

  10. Efficiency: A measure of how little time, cost and/or effort in order to achieve intended results Effectiveness: A measure of how well something works; the extent to which it achieves its intended results Remember: CARATACCRU (Completeness, Accuracy, Relevance, Attractiveness, Timeliness, Accessibility, Communication, Clarity, Readability, Usability) NB: Do not use either of these words in any IT exam without explaining them in the same sentence. Efficiency and effectiveness

  11. Acquisition Input Validation Manipulation Storage (incl. Backups) Retrieval Output Communication Disposal (incl. archive) Information processing stages

  12. Characteristics of Audience • Age • Gender • Special Need • Culture • Education • Status • Location

  13. Inform Persuade Educate Entertain Purposes of information

  14. Vertical Design elements Functionality • structure • usability and accessibility, incl. navigation and load time • appropriateness and relevance • Appearance • proportion (visual hierarchy) • orientation (direction/ aspect) • clarity and consistency • colour and contrast

  15. Formats and conventions • Format: • the style or layout Eg chart, table, columns, etc. • Convention: • a commonly understood and agreed way of doing something • Eg. text aligned to left, numbers aligned to right • Graphs and charts have titles, legends where necessary, labeled X and Y axes. • Not to many fonts, sizes and styles • Don’t put red and green together • Light backgrounds, dark text • Heading size is large and bold • $, %, kg, etc in heading and centred.

  16. Web Authoring

  17. Design tools (websites) • Methods for representing the functionality and appearance of solutions. • Sitemaps • Annotated diagrams/mockups • Layout diagrams • Storyboards

  18. project management

  19. Project management • Planning, organizing and monitoring a project (POM) • Gantt charts • Milestones: the end of a group of tasks, completion point in a project, zero duration • Dependencies/predecessor: a task that must be completed before another task can begin • Project managers needed to manage time, people, all resources • Critical path is the longest path and if takes longer, the whole project takes longer. • Project schedule (table) shows tasks, start and finish dates

  20. Gantt chart • Graphical representation of the project • Timeline that shows when tasks start and finish and what resources will be needed at each stage. • Looks like a bar chart where each bar represents a task and the longer the bar, the longer the task. • Cleary shows dependencies and order

  21. Spreadsheets

  22. Workbook Worksheet Rows and columns Cells (intersection of row and column (eg C12)) Design tools include layout diagrams, IPO charts, flowcharts, SPREADSHEETS

  23. Formulae (SUM, average, max, min, count) Conditional statements (if, countif, sumif) Lookup tables Absolute and relative values ($A$2 vs A2 ) Fill down and across Charts Sorts and filters spreadsheets

  24. Manual validation Proof reading Electronic validation Conditional formatting Range checks =IF(A1>0,”Continue”,”Stop”) Existence checks =IF(ISBLANK(A1), “Enter a number”, “Continue” Data type check =IF(ISNUMBER(A1), “continue”, “Enter a number” Limited list, predetermined list of options VALIDATION

  25. Networks

  26. What is a network? • A network is two or more computers connected together. • A network connects computers together so that they can share data, information and resources.

  27. Resource sharing (Internet access, printers, servers, modems, scanners, software) • Facilitating communication (improves communication, simpler , easier and faster communication, email, chat rooms, messaging, telephony, video conferencing) • Remote services (for customers or B2B eg on-line ordering, ATMs, EFT, etc. • Data and information sharing (prompt access to accurate information, synchronizing the data, reduction in data duplication ) • Also cost savings, network management, improvements in efficiency and effectiveness. Advantages of Networks

  28. Limited geographic area Each computer or device called a node Cables or wireless Eg within an office building, university, school or home Wireless LAN (WLAN) uses radio waves, satellite communication, microwave or infra-red media to transmit signals between nodes. Local Area Network (LAN)

  29. Large geographic coverage Communication is carried by a medium owned by someone else. Transmission media can include microwave, fibre-optic cable, telephone lines and satellites A metropolitan area network (single city) Statewide network (entire state) National are network A worldwide network (eg Internet) Wide Area Network (WAN)

  30. Network interface controller/card • NICs provide a physical connection from a computer (or node) to the network • Sits in expansion slot or built into motherboard • Coordinates the transmission and receipt of data, instructions and information to and from the computer • Each has a unique 48-bit MAC address • Stored in ROM • Media Access Control • Acts like a name for the card • No two the same

  31. Controls traffic on the network and defines how devices will communicate with each other Controls file access, manages print queues, tracks users, authenticates access, maintains log of network use and problems Network client software installed on each workstation MS Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008; Novell and Apple Network Operating System

  32. Modulate/ Demodulate Dial up modem Two different types of broadband Internet: Cable modems receive their Internet signal through a cable line DSL modems receive their Internet signal through a standard phone line. Modems

  33. Provides access to the Internet for a fee Speed of connection (dial up, cable or DSL, satellite) Price $ Download and upload speeds for each connection type NB: The faster the Internet connection, the more you are going to pay for it. Terms of the contract Customer service Reputation Internet Service Providers (ISP)

  34. A service provided by large Internet-based specialised data centres that offer storage processing and computer resources. Advantages: Reduced hardware costs Faster updates and maintenance Save on energy bills Costs associated with amount of use Disadvantages Security is only as good as security in cloud Requires stable internet connection Information is backed up forever May need redundant Internet connections Privacy is an issue Cloud Computing

  35. programming

  36. Programming vs scripting Languages • Programming language is a method of communicating instructions to a computer. It has more features that can be programmed as they are not restricted to on application environment (eg VB.net, C++, etc) • Scripting language is a programming language designed to program within an application (egActionScript for Flash, JavaScript for web pages)

  37. Programming terminology • Objects: text boxes, buttons, labels, images • Properties: features of objects eg name, colour, text, visible, etc • Variable: temporary storage location for data

  38. FILE MANAGEMENT Hungarian notation: • btnExit • frmOrder • lblName • txtGuess File names: • Meaningful • Consistent • Easily identifiable File extensions: • MS Excel = .xlsx • MS Word = .docx • MS Access = .accd • Visual Basic = .vbx • Adobe Photoshop = .psp • Text file = .txt • Comma separated value file = .csv

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