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The Crossing of the Rubicon and the Beginning of the Roman Empire

On March 15, 44 B.C., Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, defying the Senate's orders and sparking a civil war in Rome. This act violated Roman law, signifying a point of no return. Caesar's actions led to the formation of the Second Triumvirate with Octavian (later Augustus), Mark Antony, and Lepidus. The Battle of Philippi in 42 B.C. solidified Octavian and Antony's power, culminating in Octavian's victory at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. This marked the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire under Augustus, stabilizing the empire's borders and ushering in a period of peace known as Pax Romana.

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The Crossing of the Rubicon and the Beginning of the Roman Empire

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  1. What Significant event TOOK PLACE on March 15, 44B.C. ?What was the reasoning BEHIND it? Do Now:

  2. DO NOW • What does it mean to cross the Rubicon?

  3. Crossing the Rubicon • The Senate denied him 2nd consulship • Order Caesar that he disband the army • In response Caesar took a legion of men across the border into Rome • It was forbidden in Roman law for an army to cross the Rubicon • Point of no return • An Act of Civil War

  4. Second Triumvirate 43BC-33BC • Octavian: Caesars grandnephew and heir (18) Known as Octavius prior to adoption • Mark Antony: Ally and assistant of Caesar • Lepidus: Commander of Caesars Cavalry

  5. Fallout • Antony takes control of the East • Has dreams of conquering and indulging in the easts riches • Eventually ends up in Egypt with Cleopatra • Octavian left to control the West and deal with its many issues problems with money, land, soldiers and the mob

  6. Battle of Philippi 42 B.C. • Octavian and Antony’s forces defeated those of Brutus and Cassius • All while Lepidus watched over Italy • This victory was the High Point of Antony’s Career

  7. Lepidus • The third wheel of the Triumvirate • Octavian and Antony divide all Rome’s territories and leave him Africa • In 36 B.C. Lepidus conquers Sicily • He then rescinded his claim and is kicked out of the Triumvirate by Octavian

  8. Battle of Actium 31 B.C. • Octavian and finally Antony come into conflict • Octavian’s forces led by Agrippa defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s army and navy • Octavian now 32 years old was the only one left from the second triumvirate

  9. The Age of Augustus 31B.C.-A.D.14 • 27 B.C. Senate Awarded Octavian title of Augustus • No longer Roman Republic but the Roman Empire • Stabilized the frontier • Enlarged the Empire • Began the period known as PaxRomana- the Roman Peace from roughly 27 B.C.-A.D. 180

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