Stability in Decisive Action LTC Judah Whitney

1. Stability in Decisive Action • LTC Judah Whitney

2. Purpose To foster an understanding of the doctrinal concepts discussed in FM 3-07(6 OCT 2008) Stability Operations

3. Agenda • Definition • Stability Ops in Major Operations • How? • Essential Stability Task Matrix • Establish Civil Security • Establish Civil Control • Restore Essential Services • Support to Governance • Support to Economic/Infrastructure Development • Inform & Influence Activities • Key Take Aways • Conclusion

4. References • ADP 3-0, Unified Land Operations, Oct 2011 • FM 3-07, Stability Operations, Oct 2008 • JP 3-0, Joint Operations, Aug 2011 • JP 3-07, Stability Operations, Sep 2011

5. Definition An overarching term encompassing various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment, provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. What does this mean to you?

6. Stability Operations in a Major Operation • On 20 December 1989, the US committed forces in Panama to protect US citizens, secure the Panama Canal, support democracy for the people of Panama, and apprehend Manuel Noriega • Widespread looting and general lawlessness reduced Panama to a state of anarchy • Task force units had to quickly bring some order to both the cities and the countryside • Providing medical care and emergency food and water to supporting the training of local police was required • President George Bush sent in 2,000 additional troops to support the 22,500 already there in conducting stability operations • 200 civil affairs and 250 psychological operations personnel bolstered the newly installed Panamanian government • The situation became more stable and the democratic process began to take hold, Operation JUST CAUSE ended on 31 January 1990 • SOURCE: Joint Military Operations Historical Collection

7. Weight of Effort Decisive Action—the continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks. ADRP 3-0 (FD), SEP 11

8. HOW? Initiative • Sudden appearance of military forces typically produces a combination of shock and relief among the local populace • Dictating the terms of action and driving positive change in the environment improve the security situation and create opportunities for civilian agencies to contribute • Failing to act quickly may create a breeding ground for dissent and possible recruiting opportunities for enemies or adversaries

9. HOW? Lethal actions can have far reaching and strategic effects. Lethal and Nonlethal Actions • Lethal • Often critical to overcoming violent opposition, yet enduring success is generally achieved through nonlethal activities • Nonlethal • Require greater emphasis • Nonlethal actions expand the options available to commanders to achieve their objectives • Nonlethal actions range from constructive activities focused on building institutional capacity and social well-being to coercive activities intended to compel certain behaviors

10. HOW? Linking Military and Civilian Efforts • An integrated approach is necessary to achieve true unity of effort • A comprehensive approach to stability operations is attained through close, continuous coordination and cooperation among the actors • Reduces internal discord, inadequate structures and procedures, incompatible or underdeveloped communications infrastructure, cultural differences, and bureaucratic and personnel limitations Who is spearheading these efforts?

11. The Essential Stability Task Matrix • The essential stability task matrix facilitates coordination • Provides a means of integrating activities by various actors at the tactical level • Helps attain unity of effort across the stability sectors • Focuses all activities towards a common set of objectives and a shared understanding of the desired end state

12. The Essential Stability Task Matrix FM 3-07, OCT 08

13. Establish Civil Security • Efforts in the security sector focus on establishing a stable security environment and developing legitimate institutions and infrastructure to maintain that environment • In the most pressing conditions, expeditionary forces assume responsibility for all efforts in the security sector. This is part of Establishing Civil Security • For the results of these efforts to be lasting, HOST-NATION FORCES • acting on behalf of the host nation and its people — MUST PROVIDE SECURITY What methods can we use to stimulate HN security force involvement?

14. Establish Civil Control • Establishing civil control is an initial step toward instituting rule of law and stable, effective governance • Civil control centers on justice reform and the rule of law, supported by efforts to rebuild the host-nation judiciary, police, and corrections systems. • Building host-nation capacity for civil control is paramount to establishing the foundation for lasting civil order. • Community-oriented police services under civilian control • Clearly separate and distinct roles of the police and military How are we planning for restoring ROL and governance? Planning Assumptions?

15. Restore Essential Services (1 of 2) • Military forces support efforts to establish or restore the most basic civil services to sustain the population until local civil services are restored: the essential food, water, shelter, and medical support • Military forces generally center their efforts on the initial response tasks that provide for the immediate needs of the populace • Other civilian agencies and organizations focus on broader humanitarian issues and social well-being What types of additional forces will be required to restore essential services?

16. Restore Essential Services (2 of 2) What types of additional forces will be required to restore essential services? • Non-Military • Intergovernmental Organization • Non-Governmental Organization • Provincial Reconstruction Team • Host Nation Government • Intel Agencies • Local National Contract Transp. • Military • Special Operations Forces • Engineer • Health Services Support • Civil Affairs • Military Police • Security Forces • Intelligence

17. Support to Governance • Governance is the process, systems, institutions, and actors that enable a state to function; effective, legitimate governance ensures that these are transparent, accountable, and involve public participation • Military support to governance focuses on restoring public administration and resuming public services • Military efforts enable the host nation to develop an open political process, a free press, a functioning civil society, and legitimate legal and constitutional frameworks What capabilities exist within your organization to assess and re-establish governance?

18. Support to Economic and Infrastructure Development • The economic viability of a state is among the first elements of society to exhibit stress and ultimately fracture as conflict, disaster, and internal strife overwhelms the government • Infrastructure development complements and reinforces efforts to stabilize the economy. Physical aspects of infrastructure include: • Transportation, such as roads, railways, airports, ports, and waterways. • Telecommunications • Energy, such as natural resources, the electrical power sector, and energy production and distribution • Municipal and other public services How is your organization structured, manned and equipped to support Economic/Infrastructure development?

19. Inform Influence Activities (IIA) Engagement • Engagement tasks are fundamental to each stability sector; information engagement integration is vital to success • Exploiting or ceding the initiative within the information domain is often a matter of precise timing and coordination • Information engagement is essential to achieving decisive results: the recovery of the host-nation government and the attainment of a lasting, stable peace How have we integrated IIA into Stability Operations? FM 3-07, OCT 08

20. IIA Throughout Stability Phase 0 Shape Ops Phase 1 Deter Phase 3 Dominate Phase 4 Stabilize Phase 2 Seize the Initiative Phase 5 Enable Civil Authority Influence Inform

21. Key Takeaways • Military missions must be coordinated and integrated with other instruments of national power in order to succeed in Stability Operations • Success in Stability Operations hinges on seizing the initiative and dictating the terms of action • A comprehensive approach to stability operations is attained through close, continuous coordination and cooperation amongst all involved actors • The Essential Stability Matrix facilitates coordination, integrates all activities, supports unity of effort, and focuses all activities towards a common understanding of the desired end state

22. Comments