Honors Latin II

1. Honors Latin II

2. Test Next Wednesday • Vocabulary, Chapters 1-4 • Present Infinitive, Indicative, Imperative Active of the First and Second Conjugation • Uses of the Cases • First Declension • Second Declension • Present Tense of Sum

3. Present Active Verbs First and Second Conjugation

4. Implicit and Explicit Subjects • For Latin verbs, there is always a built-in (implicit) subject, e.g., sum, “I am”; amant, “they love” • There is often an explicit subject as well. An explicit subject will be a noun separate from the verb, e.g., feminaeamant, “the women love”

5. Principal Parts of the Verb • Examples of principal parts of verbs in English: think-thought-thought; sing-sang-sung • The first principal part of the verb in Latin is also the first-person singular present active form of the verb, e.g., amō, “I love,” habitō, “I live,” cōgītō, “I think”

6. The Verb Stem • For (finite) verbs there are two parts: the stemand the personal ending. • The stem is derived from the second principal part of the verb (= infinitive)

7. Determining the Verb Stem • To determine the stem of a verb, drop the final –refrom the second principal part: • amō, amāreamāre amāre • stem = amā • moneō, monēremonēremonēre • stem = monē

8. Conjugations • As nouns are grouped into declensions, verbs are grouped into conjugations. • The first and second conjugation are very similar, and their stems are derived by the same process described above.

9. Second Principal Part • The 2d principal part of a 1st-conjugation verb ends in –āre • The 2d principal part of a 2d-conjugation verb ends in –ēre • Note: the macron over the penultimate ein the infinitive of a second-conjugation verb is important to include. Without the macron, the verb appears to be third conjugation.

10. Personal Endings • The personal endings are the same for both conjugations: • -ō first person singular, “I” • -s 2d person singular, “you” • -t 3d person sg., “she,” “he,” “it” • -mus 1st pl., “we” • -tis 2d pl., “you” • -nt 3d pl., “they”

11. Forming present-tense verbs • the first principal part is also the first person singular; just copy it • get the stem: from the second principal part, drop the final –re • to the stem, add the personal endings: -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

12. Example I • amō, amāre • 1st person singular: amō, “I love” • Stem: amā

13. Example – Part II • Stem: amā • 2d sg. = amā+ s = amās, “you love” • 3d sg. = amā+ t = amat, “she loves” • 1st pl. = amā+ mus = amāmus, “we love” • 2d pl. = amā+ tis = amātis, “you love” • 3d pl. = amā+ nt = amant, “they love”

14. Example II • moneō, monēre • 1st person singular: moneō, “I warn” • Stem: monē

15. Example II – Part II • Stem: monē • 2d sg. = monē+ s = monēs, “you warn” • 3d sg. = monē+ t = monet , “he warns” • 1st pl. = monē + mus = monēmus , “we warn” • 2d pl. = monē+ tis = monētis , “you warn” • 3d pl. = monē+ nt = monent, “they warn”

16. Translating the Present Tense • moneō • “I warn” • “I am warning” (present progressive) • “I do warn” (present emphatic)

17. Present Active Imperative • The imperative mood is used for commands or requests. • The singular imperative is identical in form to the stem of the verb. • The plural imperative is the stem + te. • amo, amāre, amāvi, amatum • Singular imperative: amā • Plural imperative: amāte

18. Present Tense of the Verb “To Be” • The verb “to be” is irregular in all languages. (Cf. I am, you are, she is, we were, they have been.) • It must simply be memorized. • The first two principal parts are sum, esse

19. Present Forms of Sum, Esse • Sum, “I am” • Es, “you [sg.] are” • Est, “s/he is” • Sumus, “we are” • Estis, “y’all are” • Sunt, “they are”

20. Similarity to Regular Verbs • Sum, “I am” • Es, “you [sg.] are” • Est, “s/he is” • Sumus, “we are” • Estis, “y’all are” • Sunt, “they are”

21. Studying Noun Forms How to Do It

22. 1st and 2nd-Declension Nouns • Memorize the nominative and genitive singular forms of nouns. • On a test, you’ll usually be given the nominative and genitive singular forms of nouns to decline. • To decline a noun is to put the noun into its singular and plural forms in the five cases: nom., gen., dat., acc., and abl.

23. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns • Write down the memorized or given nominative singular form. • From the genitive singular, drop the ending, e.g, -ae, -ī, to get the base • ara, arae  arae  ar • puer, puerī puerī puer • ager, agrī agrī agr

24. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns • To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural: • First declension • N. –a (memorized) –ae • G. –ae (memorized) –ārum • D. –ae –īs • Acc. –am –as • Abl. –ā –īs

25. You must memorize the first-declension case endings

26. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns • To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural: • Second declension, masculine • N. – (memorized) –ī • G. –ī (memorized) –ōrum • D. –ō –īs • Acc. –um –ōs • Abl. –ō–īs

27. You must memorize the second-declension masculine case endings

28. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns • To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural: • Second declension, neuter • N. –um(memorized) –a • G. –ī (memorized) –ōrum • D. –ō –īs • Acc. –um –a • Abl. –ō –īs

29. You must memorize the second-declension neuter case endings

30. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns • Note: the dative and ablative plural endings are -īs in the first and second declension. • In the second declension, the dative and ablative singular are identical, –ō • In the neuter of any declension, the nominative and accusative forms are identical.