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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Cardiovascular System. Functions. Supply all body tissues with oxygen and nutrients Transport cellular waste products to appropriate organs for removal from body Function in the immune system. Heart.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System

  2. Functions • Supply all body tissues with oxygen and nutrients • Transport cellular waste products to appropriate organs for removal from body • Function in the immune system

  3. Heart A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems Structures

  4. Pericardium epicardium Sac that encloses heart Outermost layer of the heart- also inner layer of pericardium Heart Structure

  5. Myocardium Endocardium The middle & thickest layer of heart muscle Specialized muscle that beats constantly- must have constant supply of O2 The lining of the heart

  6. Coronary Arteries & Veins Supply blood to myocardium If interrupted, myocardium in the affected area dies

  7. Atria Two upper chambers Blood enters heart here Right –deoxygenated blood from body Left – Oxygenated blood from lungs Heart Chambers

  8. Ventricles Lower chambers Have thicker walls to pump blood longer distances Right- to lungs Left- to body and brain

  9. Tricuspid Valve Controls opening between rt atrium and rt ventricle Heart Valves

  10. Pulmonary semilunar valve Mitral valve or bicuspid valve Aortic semilunar valve Located between rt ventricle and pulmonary artery Located between left atrium and lt ventricle Located between lt ventricle and aorta

  11. Valves

  12. Systemic Circulation Includes blood flow to all of body except lungs Oxygenated blood flows out of heart from lt ventricle into arteries Deoxygenated blood returns to heart through veins and goes into rt atria Circulation

  13. Pulmonary Circulation Flow of blood between heart and lungs Blood flows out of the rt ventricle of heart to lungs Only place where arteries carry O2 poor blood In lungs CO2 leaves blood and O2 enters from inhaled air Pulmonary vein carry blood to lt atrium.

  14. Clicker Check • What is the only place that veins carry oxygenated blood? • A. from body to heart • B. from lungs to heart • C. from heart to lungs • D. from heart to body

  15. Clicker Check • What valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle? • A. pulmonary semilunar valve • B. aortic semilunar valve • C. mitral or bicuspid valve • D. tricuspid valve

  16. Heartbeat • To be effective, heart contraction and relaxation must happen in the right sequence • Rate and regularity is determined by electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate myocardium • Impulses are controlled by the sinoatrial (S-A) node and the atrioventricular (A-V) node and the bundle of His

  17. Sinoatrial Node Aka S-A node, is called the natural pacemaker Located in back wall of rt atrium near entrance to vena cava Electrical impulse from S-A node starts muscle contraction in heart causing atria to contract at same time forces blood into ventricles

  18. Atrioventricular node A-V node, recieves impulse from s-a node Located on floor of rt atrium near septum Transmits electrical impulse to bundle of His

  19. Bundle of His Located in interventricular septum Branches carry impulses to rt and lt ventricles and the purkinje fibers Stimulation of purkinje fibers causes ventricles to contract together forcing blood into aorta and pulmonary arteries

  20. Electrical Waves • P wave- caused by stimulation of atria • QRS complex- shows stimulation of ventricles and relaxation of atria • T wave- shows the recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles

  21. Lubb Dubb First heart sound Caused by the tricuspid and mitral valves closing after the blood enters the ventricles Shorter and higher pitched. Caused by closing of semilunar valves in aorta and pulmonary arteries as blood leaves heart Heart Sounds

  22. Arteries Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all of the body High O2 content makes arterial blood bright red Aorta- main trunk of arterial system, begins in left ventricle Blood vessels

  23. Capillaries Connect arteries and veins Only one epithelial cell thick Blood flow is slow Exchange of materials

  24. Veins Return waste-filled blood to heart Thin walls and valves

  25. Pulse Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure Rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by the pressure of the blood moving through the artery Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles contract Highest pressure Occurs when the ventricles are relaxed Lowest pressure Pulse & Blood Pressure

  26. Blood Made of 55% liquid plasma Straw-colored fluid containing nutrients, hormones and waste products 91% water, 9% proteins 45% blood corpuscles Red blood cells White blood cells platelets Blood

  27. Erythrocytes Red blood cells Made by red bone marrow Contain Hemoglobin which contains iron and transports O2 to body Life span is ~120 days

  28. Leukocytes White blood cells Protect body against bacteria 5 major types Neutrophils most common type Eat bacteria High count means bacterial infection

  29. Basophils Make inflammatory response happen High count means an allergic condition Eosinophils Increase with allergic reactions High count means allergic reaction Lymphocytes Important role in protecting against disease Monocytes Imp. In protecting against disease High count means chronic infection

  30. Cardiologist Hematologist Specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the heart Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues Medical Specialties

  31. Coronary artery disease Atherosclerosis of the coronary artery Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to cholesterol plaques. Ather/o-plaque or fat Sclerosis- abnormal hardening May cause angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and death Angina pectoris- spasmodic choking or suffocating chest pain due to partial blocking of O2 to myocardium Pathology of the Cardiovascular System

  32. End-Stage Coronary artery disease Atheroma Final phase of coronary artery disease Characterized by non-ending angina pain and a limited lifestyle. A plaque (fatty deposit) within the arterial wall Ather- plaque Oma-tumor Similar to rust in a pipe- can extend into lumen and into wall of artery

  33. Ischemic heart disease A group of cardiac disabilities resulting from not enough oxygenated blood getting to heart Caused by blockage in blood vessel Isch-hold back Emia-blood

  34. Myocardial Infarction Heart attack or MI Closing off of a coronary artery resulting in death to the affected part of the myocardium Hurts the heart’s ability to pump blood

  35. Congestive Heart Failure Syndrome where heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs for O2 and nutrients Kidneys retain fluid Congestive refers to fluid buildup

  36. Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Inflammation of the heart Card/o-heart, itis- inflammation Inflammation of inner layer Endo- within

  37. Cardiac arrhythmia Palpitation Aka dysrhythmia Irregularity or loss of normal rhythm of heartbeat Pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm May be associated with heart disorder or panic attack

  38. Tachycardia Paroxysmal tachycardia Abnormally fast heartbeat Tachy- rapid, card-heart, -ia- abnormal condition Rates >100bpm A fast heartbeat with sudden onset Paroxysm-sudden convulsion, seizure or spasm

  39. Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation Rapid, random, & ineffective contractions of heart Aka A fib Atria beat faster than ventricles Makes a quivering action of atria and rapid ventricular heartbeat

  40. Ventricular Fibrillation Aka V fib Irreg. contractions of ventricles Fatal unless electric defibrillation is used

  41. Angiospasm (AN-jee-oh-spazm) Hemangioma (hee-man-jee-oh-mah) A spasmodic contraction of the blood vessels Angi/o-vessel, spasm-tightening or cramping Benign tumor made of newly formed blood vessels Hemangi-blood vessel, oma-tumor

  42. Aneurysm (AN-you-rizm) A weak spot or enlargement of the wall of an artery. Usually in large bl. Vessel Named for blood vessel they occur in Often fatal because of rapid blood loss

  43. Polyarteritis (pol-ee-ar-teh-rye-tis) Arteriosclerosis (ar-tee-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis) An inflammation involving several arteries Hardening of the arteries Reduces the flow of blood

  44. Phlebitis (fleh-BYE-tis) Varicose Veins Inflammation of a vein Phleb-vein, itis-inflammation Abnormally swollen veins usually in legs

  45. Thrombosis (throm-BOH-sis) An abnormal condition where a clot forms in a blood vessel Throm=clot -osis=abnormal condition

  46. Dyscrasia (dis-KRAY-zee-ah) Hemochromatosis (hee-moh-kroh-mah-TOH-sis) Any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood Dys = bad -crasia = mixture or blend Aka Iron overload disease Hem/o=blood, chromat= color, osis=abnormal cond. Genetic disorder where intestines absorb too much iron Iron builds up in organs and damages them

  47. Septicemia (sep-tih-SEE-mee-ah) Aka Blood Poisoning Presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in the blood

  48. Leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-ah) A malignancy characterized by an increase of abnormal leukocytes Leuk=white Emia= blood condition

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