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The Renaissance and Reformation: Transformations in Europe (1453-1555)

This overview explores the key developments of the Renaissance and Reformation between 1453 and 1555, focusing on the emergence of Humanism, the influence of notable figures like Petrarch and Machiavelli, and the rise of new artistic techniques among masters such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. It also examines the political landscape variable in Italy, the spread of Christian Humanism, and the critical reforms prompted by Martin Luther and others during the Protestant Reformation, which significantly impacted religious and social life across Europe.

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The Renaissance and Reformation: Transformations in Europe (1453-1555)

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  1. Century ReviewPart I 1453- 1555

  2. Renaissance • Italy was first to experience Renaissance • Reasons: • Geography • Urbanization • Social factors • Political variety • Education • Latin and Greek • Trade Routes • Printing press • Spread humanist ideas

  3. Humanism • New self- consciousness regarding human beings • Humanism: • Secularism • Classics • Individualism • Power (Machiavelli)

  4. Humanist writers • Petrarch • Father of humanism • Machiavelli • The Prince • Castiglione • Book of the Courtier • Lorenzo de Medici • Civic humanism

  5. Humanist Artists • Common techniques used by artists: • Perspective • Naturalism subject matter • Order and symmetry • Artists begin gaining notoriety • Donatello: • David first full size statue cast in bronze • Brunelleschi: • Il Duomo • Da Vinci: • Mona Lisa, Last Supper • Michelangelo: • Sistine Chapel • Raphael: • School of Athens

  6. Women and the renaissance • Patrons of the Arts • Notable female humanists: • Christine de Pisan • First feminist • Isabella d’ Este • Diplomat • Established school for girls • Wrote letter of literary quality

  7. Renaissance Politics • Variety of govts. • Florence= despotism Medici • Milan= military dictatorship Visconti • Papal states= despotism Papacy • Venice= Republic Merchant families/ Doge • Naples= feudalism Ferdinand of Aragon • Balance of Power • Peace of Lodi (1454)

  8. Northern Renaissance • Strong in Low Countries (Belgium and Netherlands) France, England, Germany. • Emphasized Christian readings • Bible • Writings of early church fathers • Christian Humanism • Spread through printing press

  9. Christian Humanism • Critical of Church abuses • Hoped to maintain unity through reformation • Notable Christian Humanists: • Erasmus • Praise of Folly • More • Utopia

  10. Protestant Reformation • Christian Humanism • Causes: • Indulgences- buying offices • Simony- selling church offices • Nepotism- giving offices to relatives • Pluralism- holding multiple offices • Absenteeism- Not living in region where office is held • Notable Reformers: • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Ulrich Zwingli

  11. Martin Luther • German • Theology: • Sola scriptura- Bible only authority • Sola fide- salvation comes from faith • Sola gratia- salvation comes from God’s grace • Publications: • On the Freedom of the Christian • On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church • An Address to the Nobility of the German Nation • German translation of the Bible • Major Events: • 95 Thesis • Peasants Revolt • Diet of Woms

  12. John Calvin • French, Swiss leader • Theology: • Predestination • Ecclesiastical Ordinances • Publications • Institutes of the Christian Religion

  13. Ulrich Zwingli • Zurich • Theology: • Transubstantiation • Major Events: • Marburg Colloquy • Killed during the Swiss Civil War

  14. Consequences of reformation • Social: • Family was the center of social life • Women earned limited rights (divorce and education) • Literacy for both boys and girls • Protestant work ethic capitalism

  15. English Reformation • Henry VIII • Cause: • Divorce from Catherine of Aragon wasn’t granted by the pope • Consequences: • Act of Supremacy- King as the head of the Catholic Church in England • Act of Succession- legitimate offspring are those conceived w/ Anne Boleyn • Religious Reforms: • Act of Succession Henry VIII • Six Articles Henry VIII • Book of Common Prayer Edward VI • Act of Uniformity Edward VI • Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth I

  16. Counter- Reformation • New Religious Orders • Ignatious Loyola Jesuits • Teresa of Avila Carmelites • Council of Trent • Eliminated church abuses • Better education for priests • No compromise on religious doctrine • Clerical celibacy • Importance of good works • Authority of papacy • Transubstantiation • Roman Inquisition Index of Forbidden Books • Baroque Art • Bernini

  17. Early monarchies • England, France, Russia, Spain • Centralized govts. • Taxes • Controlling the aristocracy • Codified laws • Control warfare • Early bureaucracy • Religious control

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