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Part I - A Primer on Greek Mythology. What is Myth?. A myth is actually a set of stories that is significant to a culture. Tend to be fictional, but it is not a requirement. Real life Myth: George Washington “larger than life” status that American history has given
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What is Myth? • A myth is actually a set of stories that is significant to a culture. • Tend to be fictional, but it is not a requirement. • Real life Myth: • George Washington • “larger than life” status that American history has given • Washington is a symbol.
The Problem With Greek Mythology • Greek mythology is rife with inconsistencies. • many of the stories are going to sound absolutely ridiculous and, at times, even contradict each other. • Greeks were creating stories based on their own fallible human nature. • Greek gods are often as cruel, inconsistent, and sinful as humans are. • Greeks were not attempting to create a system of absolute truth • simply telling stories to explain the world around them. • when the Romans adopted Greek mythology, they gave Roman names to each of the characters
The War of Deities • In the beginning of time there was Father Heaven (Uranus) and Mother Earth (Gaea). • They bore children known as the Titans. • Cronus (Saturn) and Rhea (Cybele) led the Titans in a rebellion against Father Heaven and Mother Earth. • The Titans defeated their parents and became the rulers of the heavens.
The War of the Deities • Cronus and Rhea had children known as the Olympians. • The Olympians = the Greek gods led by Zeus and Hera • Cronus devoured his children • Rhea defied Cronus by tricking him into eating a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes in place of the infant Zeus. • Zeus ambushed Cronus and forced him to vomit up the Olympians, who had apparently survived and grown to maturity in Cronus’ stomach. • With the help of Prometheus, a rogue Titan, the Olympians defeated Cronus • Zeus took his place as ruler of the heavens • Zeus punished most of the Titans by imprisoning them • The Titan named Atlas received a unique punishment: he was doomed to carry the weight of the world upon his shoulders. Prometheus, since he aided the Olympians, was not punished.
Today’s Wrap Up Every culture and era has its beliefs about deities and their roles in the universe, but only a handful have been as enduring and influential as Greek mythology. Their pantheon was neither a religion nor a set of cultural fables, but rather something that landed right between those marks.
The Creation of Man Now that the Olympians were enthroned atop Mount Olympus, the human race could make its debut. Metal Men • The Olympians themselves created men out of metal, starting with gold. • The first group were upright and perfect. • With each generation the gods decreased the quality of the metal, which increased the amount of wickedness men were capable of. • The final generation of men was made of iron. • One day Zeus will no longer be able to tolerate the wickedness of mankind and will wipe them from the earth once and for all.
The Creation of Man • The Gift of Prometheus • Zeus put Prometheus and his brother Epimetheus in charge of creating men and animals. • Epimetheus gave all the best gifts to animals. • Prometheus knew that men would not survive long without any advantage over the beasts, so he compensated by creating men in the image of the gods. • Prometheus stole fire from Olympus and gave it to men and tricked Zeus into accepting only the fat and bone of animals as sacrifices, thereby allowing mankind to keep the meat and skin for themselves. • With these safeguards in place, Prometheus had ensured that mankind had the means to not only survive, but to thrive. • Zeus’ fury was unfathomable; he condemned Prometheus by chaining the Titan to a rock and sending an eagle to tear out his liver. At night, Prometheus’ body would mend itself, which allowed the eagle to feed on him day after day for all eternity. • The Greeks believed that the moaning of the wind was actually the agonizing cries of Prometheus as he endured the punishment of Zeus.
The Creation of (Wo)Man • The First Woman • Zeus chose to take out his vengeance on man by creating the first woman, Pandora. • She was made to be an irresistible beauty to men. • “a sweet and lovely thing to look upon, in the likeness of a shy maiden, and all the gods gave her gifts, silvery raiment and a broidered veil, a wonder to behold, and bright garlands of blooming flowers and a crown of gold – great beauty shone out from it” • Zeus also gave her an insatiable curiosity. • Zeus gave her a jar (later mistranslated as a box) filled with things like disease, pestilence, and sin. • Naturally, Pandora’s curiosity got the better of her and she opened the jar, unleashing its horrors into the mortal world. • Fortunately, Pandora was able to close the lid on the jar before hope was lost, thereby allowing humanity to limp along though history without completely succumbing to Zeus’ clever punishment.
Why Would Gods Create Humanity • The reason behind the creation of man is vague at best. • Much of Greek mythology seems to support the idea that the gods’ interest in the human race was almost like a game. • “The gods were truly delighted with their new toys. Every aspect of life on earth came into existence on that day. Goodness was henceforth defined as whether the brief part danced by a creature on the earth’s stage was pleasing in the gods’ eyes. It amused the gods to remind their creatures, in various ways, who their masters were, and to test their goodness. Just when everything was going well, they would cause a flood, or earthquake, or famine, or personal disaster. And they devised more and more complex dances for their toys” (13). • This view helped the Greeks explain the difficulty, misfortune, and dumb luck that are common in life. • Humanity was in desperate need of mighty men and women to inspire them. The Greeks were constantly looking for heroes — individuals who experienced the struggles and joys of human life but were also somehow greater than common men and women.
The Great Heroes: Hercules/Heracles • Not overly intelligent, but he was passionate and impulsive; there was no better man to have as a friend, and no man more terrifying to have as an enemy. • He was ruled by his emotions and plagued by outbursts of rage, which could be particularly lethal given that Heracles was the strongest man to ever live. • Heracles might have been able to live a normal life had it not been for Hera. • When Heracles arrived at the palace of the Mycenaean king seeking punishment for his horrible crime, Hera inspired the king to give Heracles twelve impossible tasks that would surely destroy the guilt-laden Heracles. These twelve tasks became known as The Twelve Labors.
The Twelve Labors of Hercules Heracles fought the Nemean Lion and choked it to death with his bare hands. Heracles defeated the three-headed Hydra, who grew two more heads when one was chopped off. Heracles captured the elegant Cerynitian Stag after a full year of hunting it. Heracles hunted and captured a particularly destructive boar the size of a bull. Heracles solved the problem of King Augeus’ filthy and overcrowded stables by using his strength to divert two rivers, and employing this torrent of water to flush out the filth. With the help of Athena, Heracles defeated the Stymphalian Birds by making a tremendous racket to drive them from their nests, then shot them all down one-by-one with his mighty bow. The Cretan Bull was known for being fierce and untamable; Heracles, of course, tamed it. Heracles killed King Diomedes and then fought his man-eating horses and drove them away, thus rescuing the people of the kingdom. Heracles was charged with retrieving the golden girdle of Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons. After much confusion and the queen’s accidental death, he succeeded in his task. Geryon, a three-bodied brute, shepherded a flock of cattle. Heracles fought the monster and captured the cattle. Heracles was charged with retrieving the Golden Apples of Hesperides. Heracles recruited Atlas for help, and after tricking each other back and forth, our hero of course came away with the golden apples. Heracles was sent to retrieve Cerberus, the vicious three-headed, dragon-tailed guard dog of the Underworld.
The Great Heroes:Theseus • Theseus was no more than a mere mortal. He was “compassionate as he was brave and a man of great intellect as well as great bodily strength” • Theseus is best known for defeating the Minotaur. The Minotaur was a terrible monster who lived at the center of an impossible maze called the Labyrinth. Every nine years the citizens of Athens were forced to send seven young men and seven maidens into the labyrinth. These fourteen tributes would be cast into the Labyrinth were the Minotaur would devour them. • Theseus would not stand for this. He volunteered himself as one of the young men to be sent to Crete. He told his father that he would slay the Minotaur and return home with white sails on his ship in place of the usual black sails. • Ariadne, fell in love with him and provided him with twine so that Theseus might leave a trail to navigate back out of the Labyrinth. When Theseus reached the center of the maze, he slew the Minotaur with his bare hands and used the twine trail to lead his people to freedom.
The Great Heroes:Perseus • Perseus was a demigod and his father was Zeus. • Later, when Perseus had matured into adulthood, his mother was courted by Polydectes, who convinced Perseus to retrieve the head of Medusa, a Gorgon, as a wedding gift. • Athena gave him a mirrored shield and Hermes gave him a powerful sword. He was also gifted with winged sandals, a magical bag that would allow any object to fit comfortably inside, and a magic helmet that would render the wearer invisible. • On his way home, he rescued Andromeda, a beautiful princess who was to be sacrificed to a sea serpent. Perseus married Andromeda and returned home. • The prophecy against Perseus’ grandfather was fulfilled when Perseus, who was competing in a discus-throwing contest, accidentally hurled the disc into the audience. It slammed into his grandfather, killing him instantly. • Perseus is rare among the Greek heroes because he is one of the few to settle down after a lifetime of adventure with a wife, have children, and live — as far as we know — happily ever after.
The Greek Heroes: Atalanta • Atalanta was a formidable huntress and athlete who could out-perform any man. Her father, who had hoped for a son, and abandoned his child in the woods. Atalanta was raised by a she-bear and eventually adopted by kindly hunters. • When the Calydonian Boar, a massive tusked beast, terrorized cities and slew hunter after hunter, it was Atalanta who felled the savage animal with her bow. • Her reputation brought men from far and wide seeking her hand in marriage. As a way of disposing of them easily and agreeably she declared that she would marry whoever could beat her in a footrace, knowing well that there was no such man alive. • It wasn’t until a young man, Milanion, received help from Aphrodite that Atalanta met her match. • Milanion received three irresistible golden apples from Aphrodite to distract Atalanta during the race. • The myth ends with the couple transforming into lions, which seems fitting for someone as fierce and independent as Atalanta.
The Greek Heroes:Jason & the Argonauts • In exile Jason became a strapping young hero and eventually returned to reclaim his father’s kingdom. Pelias agreed to surrender the throne…but only after Jason had completed a dangerous adventure. • Jason gathered the mightiest heroes and set sail in his ship, the Argo. • Eventually Jason arrived at the gates of the Colchian king. Jason explained his quest for the Golden Fleece to the king and offered to do anything requested of him. • The king was secretly furious and devised tasks for his guest to complete. • First, Jason would have to yoke two fire-breathing bulls and use them to plow a field. • Next, he would plant the teeth of a dragon into the freshly plowed field. When planted, the dragon teeth would sprout up into a group of bloodthirsty soldiers, which Jason would then defeat in combat. • The following day, Jason completed the fearsome tasks with the help of Medea’s ointment. • Jason then took both the Fleece and Medea to his ship and set sail for Greece. Medea protected Jason and the Argonauts from many other dangers. When he arrived home tragedy awaited him. Jason turned to Medea for help, who used her treachery and magic to concoct a horrible death for Pelias.
Wrap Up On the Heroes Greeks were preoccupied with the origin of humanity, the explanation for human suffering, and heroes that could inspire them to rise above their circumstances.
Scholars are uncertain about the historical details of the Trojan War. • The story has been pieced together from several sources, most notably from Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey. • The Trojan War is one of the most famous stories within Greek mythology, second only to Odysseus’ adventures returning home from it. Was the Trojan War a Historical Event
How the Olympians “Accidentally” Started the Trojan War The story begins with a celebration on Olympus. The goddess of discord, Eris, was not invited to the festivities. Eris devised a party-crashing gift to spite the Olympians. She inscribed “for the fairest” on a golden apple and tossed it in the midst of the beautiful Olympian goddesses Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera. Each goddess felt that she was the fairest and rightfully deserved the apple. Zeus, knowing better than to get in the middle of an argument among women told the goddesses that they should allow the dispute to be settled by a mortal man: Paris, the Prince of Troy.
The Judgment of Paris • Paris was currently courting a nymph named Oenone was surprised at the goddesses appearance and insistence that he choose which of them was the most beautiful. • Each goddess promised Paris an extravagant bribe in return for choosing her. • Athena – victory over the Greeks, who were the enemies of the Trojans • Hera – dominion over the known world • Aphrodite – the most beautiful mortal woman in the world • Angry goddess = Death and destruction!
The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships • Helen was already soon to be married. • The champions of Greece all wanted to marry the Spartan princess. • Each suitor swore an oath to honor and protect whomever was chosen to wed Helen. • Menelaus was then chosen as the lucky husband. • Aphrodite led Paris to Sparta and he attended the wedding feast (even though he was an enemy of Greece), took Helen, and fled back to Troy. • Unclear whether Helen was kidnapped or willingly left with Paris. • Paris’s actions were heinous.
The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships • Menelaus was infuriated and called upon the Greek champions to fulfill their oath. • Agamemnon, Menelaus’ brother, assembled the army as their General. • Some of the most notable warriors included: • Odysseus • Achilles • Ajax • Diomedes • One thousand Greek warships sailed for Troy. • A loosing battle: • Thick walls of Troy • The leadership of King Hector • Pestilenece sent from Apollo
The Gods Choose Sides • Over 9 years of fighting • Olympus took notice and intervened with each god choosing sides • Gods fought alongside men and the battle was bloodier than ever. • Achilles discovers Chryseis was the cause of the pesilence and ordered her release. • Agamemnon, in revenge, took Achilles’ slave-girl Briseis. • Petty feud caused devastating losses amongst the Greeks. • Achilles refused to fight until Agamemnon returned Briseis and the Greeks couldn’t win without him. • Greeks: Trojans: • Athena Aphrodite • Hera Apollo • Poseidon Artemis • Neutral: • Zeus* • *Sorta, kinda, but not really
Paris Versus Menelaus • An agreement at last: Menelaus and Paris would battle on-on-one for Helen. • Menelaus was more than a match for Paris. • Menelaus’ sword breaks in half do to godly interference turning the fight into hand-to-hand combat. • Aphrodite intervenes and cuts the strap of Paris’ helmet releasing him. Paris fled back to Troy like a sissy. • Honor of the Greeks was offended by the cowardice of Paris. • With a little goading from Athena and Hera the war was back on.
Gods on the Battlefield Her and Athena join the Greek hero Diomedes to battle Ares, who is fighting alongside Hector. The goddess guide Diomedes’ spear directly into the chest of Ares. His pride hurt Ares fled to Olympus to tend his wound. • Aphrodite also fled back to Olympus to nurse her wounds after receiving a minor injury. • Achilles’ mother, Thetis, persuaded Zeus to act on behalf of the Trojans to avenge Achilles’ loss of Briseis; hoping the war would end before her son could change his mind and return to fight. • Hera couldn’t stand her husbands interference, seduced Zeus and kept him “preoccupied”. • The battle turned in favor of the Greeks.
The Death of Patroclus • King Hector was still an obstacle. • Home-field advantage was too much for the Greeks to overcome. • Greeks were weary from 9 years of fighting to get back one man’s wife. • Even Agamemnon considered retreat. • Patroclus donned Achilles’ armor and went to battle King Hector. Hector swifty killed him thinking it was Achilles, stripped Patroclus of Achille’s armor to wear as a trophy. • The gods of Olympus returned into the heat of battle again. • Athena felled Ares to the ground • Hera stole Artemis’ bow and beat Artemis with it • Poseidon provoked Apollo • Zeus sat back and laughed enjoying the sight of gods matched against gods.
The Wrath of Achilles Meanwhile, Thetis reluctantly brought her son replacement armor forged by Hephaestus. With his new armor, Achilles was eager to rejoin the fight and avenge his cousin Patroclus. Hector knew Achilles would be his undoing. In an uncharacteristic act of cowardice, Hector fled from Achilles, who chased the Trojan around the city walls three times before Hector stopped to face him. Knowing that his death was at hand, Hector requested a covenant that the victor would honor the dead body of the defeated, even going so far as to offer Achilles a reward for doing so. Achilles then viciously attacked Hector and exploited the weak points in his old armor, which Hector wore. He drove a spear through Hector’s throat, tied the Trojan hero’s ankles together, and dragged the corpse behind his chariot as he rode around the walls of Troy. Later that night, King Priam boldly entered the Greek camp with the support of the gods, approached Achilles, and requested the return of his son’s mutilated body for burial. Achilles showed sympathy to the aging king and surrendered Hector’s body; the Trojans honored Hector with a funeral pyre behind the city walls the same night.
The Death of Paris Odysseus, eager to return to his wife and son, took matters into his own hands. Capturing a Trojan prophet, he held the man at knife’s point and demanded to know how to defeat the Trojans. The prophet revealed that the Greeks would need Hercules’ bow if they were to secure victory. Odysseus took his men and traveled to find Philoctetes, the keeper of Hercules’ bow. When they returned to the battlefield, Philoctetes used the bow to shoot Paris through the chest. Frightened and dying, Paris cried out to Oenone, the nymph with whom he had been romantically involved prior to receiving his prize from Aphrodite. Oenone refused to heal Paris’ wound and he died. In her grief, Oenone then killed herself.
The Trojan Horse • We
THE END! The Trojan War is a centerpiece of Greek mythology. It is a story of lust, betrayal, courage, ingenuity, and perseverance that few stories can rival. Everything either leads to it or stems from it. Every god, mortal, and beast we’ve heard about comes into play during or after the Trojan War in the two most famous Greek poems The Illiadand The Odyssey.
Homer’s The Odyssey Odysseus is the king of Ithaca and one of the heroes of the Trojan War. Though Achilles generally takes the spotlight in that infamous war, you could argue that the real hero of the war is Odysseus. Odysseus was the mastermind behind the death of Paris and the Trojan Horse, both of which ultimately led to the Greek victory. Odysseus never wanted to join the war. At the end of the war Odysseus is eager to reunite with his family, but he struggles to do so – taking an 10 extra years.
Homer’s The Odyssey – The Cliffsnotes Version Ten years have passed since the fall of Troy, and the Greek hero Odysseus still has not returned to his kingdom in Ithaca. A large and rowdy mob of suitors who have overrun Odysseus’s palace and pillaged his land continue to court his wife, Penelope. She has remained faithful to Odysseus. Prince Telemachus, Odysseus’s son, wants desperately to throw them out but does not have the confidence or experience to fight them. One of the suitors, Antinous, plans to assassinate the young prince, eliminating the only opposition to their dominion over the palace.
Homer’s The Odyssey – The Cliffsnotes Version Unknown to the suitors, Odysseus is still alive. The beautiful nymph Calypso, possessed by love for him, has imprisoned him on her island, Ogygia. He longs to return to his wife and son, but he has no ship or crew to help him escape. While the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus debate Odysseus’s future, Athena, Odysseus’s strongest supporter among the gods, resolves to help Telemachus. Disguised as a friend of the prince’s grandfather, Laertes, she convinces the prince to call a meeting of the assembly at which he reproaches the suitors. Athena also prepares him for a great journey to Pylos and Sparta, where the kings Nestor and Menelaus, Odysseus’s companions during the war, inform him that Odysseus is alive and trapped on Calypso’s island. Telemachus makes plans to return home, while, back in Ithaca, Antinous and the other suitors prepare an ambush to kill him when he reaches port.
Homer’s The Odyssey – The Cliffsnotes Version On Mount Olympus, Zeus sends Hermes to rescue Odysseus from Calypso. Hermes persuades Calypso to let Odysseus build a ship and leave. The homesick hero sets sail, but when Poseidon, god of the sea, finds him sailing home, he sends a storm to wreck Odysseus’s ship. Poseidon has harbored a bitter grudge against Odysseus since the hero blinded his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus, earlier in his travels. Athena intervenes to save Odysseus from Poseidon’s wrath, and the beleaguered king lands at Scheria, home of the Phaeacians. Nausicaa, the Phaeacian princess, shows him to the royal palace, and Odysseus receives a warm welcome from the king and queen. When he identifies himself as Odysseus, his hosts, who have heard of his exploits at Troy, are stunned. They promise to give him safe passage to Ithaca, but first they beg to hear the story of his adventures.
Homer’s The Odyssey – The Cliffsnotes Version Odysseus spends the night describing the fantastic chain of events leading up to his arrival on Calypso’s island. He recounts his trip to the Land of the Lotus Eaters, his battle with Polyphemus the Cyclops, his love affair with the witch-goddess Circe, his temptation by the deadly Sirens, his journey into Hades to consult the prophet Tiresias, and his fight with the sea monster Scylla. When he finishes his story, the Phaeacians return Odysseus to Ithaca, where he seeks out the hut of his faithful swineherd, Eumaeus. Though Athena has disguised Odysseus as a beggar, Eumaeus warmly receives and nourishes him in the hut. He soon encounters Telemachus, who has returned from Pylos and Sparta despite the suitors’ ambush, and reveals to him his true identity. Odysseus and Telemachus devise a plan to massacre the suitors and regain control of Ithaca.
Homer’s The Odyssey – The Cliffsnotes Version When Odysseus arrives at the palace the next day, still disguised as a beggar, he endures abuse and insults from the suitors. The only person who recognizes him is his old nurse, Eurycleia, but she swears not to disclose his secret. Penelope takes an interest in this strange beggar, suspecting that he might be her long-lost husband. Quite crafty herself, Penelope organizes an archery contest the following day and promises to marry any man who can string Odysseus’s great bow and fire an arrow through a row of twelve axes—a feat that only Odysseus has ever been able to accomplish. At the contest, each suitor tries to string the bow and fails. Odysseus steps up to the bow and, with little effort, fires an arrow through all twelve axes. He then turns the bow on the suitors. He and Telemachus, assisted by a few faithful servants, kill every last suitor.
Homer’s The Odyssey – The Cliffsnotes Version Odysseus reveals himself to the entire palace and reunites with his loving Penelope. He travels to the outskirts of Ithaca to see his aging father, Laertes. They come under attack from the vengeful family members of the dead suitors, but Laertes, reinvigorated by his son’s return, successfully kills Antinous’s father and puts a stop to the attack. Zeus dispatches Athena to restore peace. With his power secure and his family reunited, Odysseus’s long ordeal comes to an end.
Invoking of the Muse • Begins with the “end” with Odysseus’ adventure with the Cattle of the Sun god (Helios) • In media res – “in the middle of things” • The majority of the story is then told in flashbacks. • Parallel plot structure bouncing between 2 stories • Odysseus’ journey • His wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus, back in Ithaca The Narrative Structure of The Odyssey SPARKNOTES, SPARKNOTES, SPARKNOTES, SPARKNOTES, SPARKNOTES, SPARKNOTES, SPARKNOTES, SPARKNOTES
The Rules of Greek Hospitality • 3 Basics: • Any person was welcomed in • Guest must be given lodging and food • Provide the guest with a parting gift • The responsibilities of a host were very great. • This helps us understand the treatment of Odysseus and Telemachus on their journeys. • The suitors’ behavior was not acceptable to the Greeks because they are exploiting a “loophole” in the hospitality system. • Never take unfair advantage over your host.
Odysseus & Telemachus: Men to “Revere” • Odysseus: • Wise and clever • Loved and respected as a friend, husband, warrior, and king • Displays a degree of selflessness in his concern for his men • Tenacity, perseverance, and courage • Using his brain before his brawn • Also suffers from common male vices: • Lust • Pride • Will stop at nothing to get home to his wife and son but not opposed to making a “detour” here or there. • Spends a year of “quality time” with Circe • Establishes a double standard for behavior • Penelope’s doing so would have been utterly unforgiveable • Odysseus, as a man, is free to sow his wild oats
Odysseus & Telemachus: Men to “Revere” Raised by a lonely mother Only knows his father through legend and rumor A man-boy when we first meet him Hero’s blood flows in his veins and refuses to accept a lackluster fate Boldly leaves Ithaca to cultivate his manhood and find his father Longs to have a relationship with his father, and become a man in his own right Odysseus’ story is of finding his way home and Telemachus’ story is of finding his way forward.
Penelope: The Woman of Dreams • Penelope is an ideal Greek woman. • Beautiful and clever • Remains fiercely loyal to her husband against all odds • Find her at the end of 20 long years of waiting, and she is uncertain her husband is alive. • Over 100 handsome men are clamoring for her attention • Holds fast to her faith that Odysseus will return • The Odyssey sets Penelope in obvious contrast to the treacherous Clytemnestra, who murdered her husband when he returned from Troy.
The Odyssey: A Lasting Impact “Carry On My Wayward Son” – Kansas “Ithaca” – C.P. Cavafy O Brother Where Art Thou?
Why Know Mythology? ART - Scenes from mythology are depicted by artists through history because of the archetypal nature of its characters and stories. LITERATURE – Frankenstein, Percy Jackson, graphic novels, etc. FILMS/TELEVISION – Clash of the Titans, Immortals, Spartacus, 300, Disney’s Hercules, Prometheus, Firefly, etc.
THE REAL END! The influence of Greek mythology is all around us. Its echoes can be heard in nearly every arena of our lives. Listening for it can add new layers of depth to the things you encounter and can enrich your life. The heroes it presents us can be instructive in both their strengths and their weaknesses. More on Heroes and their journeys tomorrow!
