The Nervous System

1. The Nervous System The body’s communication network and control center

2. The Nervous System Chapter Project: Sketch a human brain and include the following items of brain anatomy: frontal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes, parietal lobes, medulla, pons, cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothala- mus, amygdala, hippocampus, and the midbrain

3. The Nervous System To begin, observe this film clip from the 1997 commercial film, Liar Liar, starring Jim Carrey and directed by Tom Shadyac. As you watch the clip, ask yourself, how is human behavior affected by the functions of the mind and those of the body?

4. The Nervous System Size of a grapefruit; 3 lbs; 100 billion nerve cells

5. The Nervous System 1998: Fred Gage at the Salk Institute wrote a ground-breaking paper stating that adult brain neurons have the ability to regenerate

6. Heredity vs. Environment Behavior: Instinctive (heredity) Learned (environment)

7. Heredity vs. Environment Genotype: the genetic pattern that makes you different from anyone else on earth. Genotype: Phenotype: an organism’s observable physical characteristics Phenotype: + environment

8. Heredity vs. Environment Genes Chromosomes DNA, or deoxyribo- nucleic acid, is a long, complex molecule that encodes genetic characteristics

9. Heredity vs. Environment Sex Chromosomes Inherit X from biological mothers Inherit much smaller Y chromosomes from father Female = XX; Male + XY

10. Heredity vs. Environment Sir Francis Galton: success runs in families and heredity is the cause. John B. Watson— founder of behaviorism Emphasized importance of environment.

11. Heredity vs. Environment Watson: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well- formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select. . .” 1930

12. Heredity vs. Environment Studies of heredity: Focus on twins Identical— monozygotic (one fertilized egg) Fraternal— dizygotic—genes not more similar than non-twin brothers/sisters— environment is prominent

13. Heredity vs. Environment Identical twins—same genes and same environment. Example: schizophrenia—if one twin becomes schizophrenic the other twin is more than three times as likely to become schizophrenic. Schizophrenia is at least partly genetic (hereditary)

14. Heredity vs. Environment Most recent research indicates that differences among people can be explained by considering heredity as well as environment or experience.

15. Heredity vs. Environment Experiment Evaluate the effects of heredity and environment on each of the following characteristics, using a percentage system (10%, 50%) Body build Intelligence Personality Height Musical ability Mathematical abil Baldness (hair) Handedness Sense of humor Longevity

16. Heredity vs. Environment Experiment 2 Think about your biological parents. List for each the physical or personality traits you feel connect you with each. Also consider a non-biological parent. What, if any, personality traits do you connect with he or she? Review the list: mark “h” for hereditary; mark “e” for environment.

17. The Nervous System The brain monitors what is happening inside and outside the body by receiving messages from receptors, or afferent neurons

18. The Nervous System Brain sifts through messages,combines them, and sends out orders via efferent neurons to effectors—cells that work muscles, internal glands and organs

19. The Nervous System Messages to & from the brain along neurons Strings of long, thin cells Space, or connection, between neurons Synapse

20. The Nervous System A neuron transmits its impulsesor messagesto another neuronacross the synapse by releasing chemicals calledneurotransmitters

21. The Nervous System Examples of Neurotransmitters: Dopamine—behavior, cognition, motor activity, motivation, learning Seratonin—mood, anger, sleep, metabolism Norepinepherine—(also hormone) fight- or-flight, heart rate, glucose release Acetylcholine—Central & Peripheral NS; PNS: activates muscles in AuNS GABA—regulates neuronal excitability; anxiety, movement, epilepsy Glutamate—learning and memory

22. The Nervous System According to my lesson plan here, it’s time for a demonstration on how the neuron works. It’s going to involve everyone!

23. The Nervous System Glial cells provide structural support for neurons, help form new synapses, and form the myelin sheath.

24. The Nervous System Has two main divisions: Central Nervous System (Spinal Cord) Peripheral Nervous System Subdivided into more systems

25. The Nervous System Nervous system like a telephone system Messages Electrical Pre-laid cables, linked by relays; cables=nerve fibers; gaps= synapses; relays=interneurons

26. The Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Messages to and from the brain along neurons Somatic Nervous System—part of Peripheral NS that controls voluntary activities. Somatic Nervous System

27. The Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System part of Peripheral NS that controls involuntary activities Autonomic Nervous System Two parts Sympathetic: Sympathetic: helps body deal with emergencies or strenuous activity

28. The Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System part of Peripheral NS that controls involuntary activities Parasympathetic NS works to conserve energy and enhance body’s ability to recover from strenuous activity: reduces heart rate and blood pressure

29. The Endocrine System Watch this film clip about the running of The bulls in Pamplona, Spain. Some people risk their lives there for the “rush.” What causes such a rush?

30. The Endocrine System Two communication systems in the body for sending messages to the brain: Nervous System & Endocrine System Endocrine System sends chemical messages called hormones. Hormones produced in endocrine glands and distributed by blood and other body fluids

31. The Endocrine System Hormones generally are only received by particular organ that they influence. Master gland: Pituitary Anterior Posterior Hypothalamus: monitors the amount of hormones in the blood and sends out messages to correct imbalances.

32. The Endocrine System Thyroid Gland— produces thyroxin Too little thyroxin— lazy and lethargic. Too much makes people overactive.

33. The Endocrine System The Endocrine System Adrenal glands activate during periods of anger or fright—speed up heart and breathing. Sex glands: males: testes— testosterone; females: estrogen and progesterone

34. Studying The Brain Psychobiologists use electroencephalographs To record brain waves Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans to pinpoint brain injuries

35. Studying The Brain Psychobiologists use Positron emission tomography (PET) to capture a picture of the brain as different parts are being used—inject small radioactive solution into blood then measure the amount of radiation absorbed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study both activity and brain structures

36. The Nervous System The Brain Hindbrain: Medulla (breathing and many reflexes) Pons (balance and hearing, etc.) Cerebellum (posture and balance) Midbrain integrates sensory info. and relays it upward.

37. The Nervous System Midbrain: nerve pathway of cere-bral hemispheres; contains auditory (hearing) and visual reflex centers Pons: links different parts of the brain; acts as a relay station; respiratory center Medulla Oblongata: relay station for crossing of motor tracts between spinal cord and brain; breathing, heart, reflex activities

38. The Nervous System Reticular Formation Ascending: Reticular activating System Sleep-wake cycle Alertness Descending: Posture Equilibrium Motor movement

39. The Nervous System Cerebellum: posture, balance, equilibrium, coordination of voluntary movement

40. The Nervous System Cingulate gyrus Anterior nucleus of thalamus The Limbic System Thalamus Para-olfactory area Fornix Mamillary bodies of hypothalamus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Uncus Amygdala Para-hippocampal gyrus

41. The Nervous System Thalamus Limbic system: core of forebrain—a variety of structures that regulate emotions and motivation Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Amygdala—controls violent emotions Hippocampus—important in formation of memories Thalamus—integrates sensory input except smell Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, reactions to changes in temperature, sleep

42. The Nervous System What linkage can you infer between the hippocampus and the 2004 commercial film, 50 First Dates, starring Drew Barrymore and Adam Sandler, and directed by Peter Segal?

43. The Nervous System The Brain Forebrain: Cerebral cortex— outer layer Cerebrum—inner layer. Thalamus-integrates sensory input/filters all but impt. msgs. Hypothalamus—monitors emotion, sleep, & other bodily processes

44. The Nervous System Brain Lobes Named after the closest skull bone Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Centers of body-function control

45. The Nervous System Broca’s Area Frontal Lobe: planning, organizing, problem solving, selective attention, personality, and a variety of higher cognitive functions including behavior and emotions. Not fully developed in males until mid-20s. Broca’s area: controls muscles involved in producing speech

46. The Nervous System Occipital lobe: processes visual information Parietal lobe: left—visual-spatial; right— understanding spoken or written language; sensation (touch) & fine sensation (judging texture, weight, size & shape)

47. The Nervous System Wernicke’s area: Temporal lobes (2, 1 on each side): right— visual memory; left—verbal memory Wernicke’s area: interprets both written and spoken speech—affects our ability to understand language

48. Hemispheres of the Brain Left Right Corpus Callosum

49. Hemispheres of the Brain Each hemisphere is connected to half of the body in a crisscrossed fashion Left brain side controls right side of body; right controls left.

50. Hemispheres of the Brain Left visual field connected to right brain side