Observatory System of Systems

1. MSC LSST Mauna Kea Observatories NVO Internet 2 Observatory System of Systems

2. Observatory Systems of Systems OVERVIEW • Goal: Leverage astronomical community’s plan to develop a: • synoptic survey telescope (LSST) • interactive web-based access to massive archival databases (NVO) • world’s premiere observation site and largest in-place telescope investment (Mauna Kea) • wide-band remote access to telescopes, computing centers, and databases (Internet2) • state-of-the-art high performance computing center (MHPCC) into a new model of a system-of-systems observatory that would generate a dramatic change in both: • how observational astronomy is conducted, and • what we understand of our universe. • Request: • $5M in FY-02 to provide developmental funding to capture a ~ $200M out-year program for Hawaii-based organizations. • FY-03 and 04 needed funding would be approximately $10M each year to bring the initiative to fruition.

3. MSC LSST Mauna Kea Observatories NVO Internet2I Observatory Systems of Systems Components • Systems: • LSST - Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope (6.5M) • NVO - National Virtual Observatory (Petabytes of data) • Mauna Kea family of Observatories - • Infrared Telescope Facility (3.0M) • Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (3.6M) • United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (3.8M) • Keck I & II (10M/10M) • Subaru telescope (8.3M) • Gemini North (8M) • Maui Supercomputer Center (2.2 teraflops) • Internet 2 (bandwidth) • Observatory complex system of systemsfor which the telescopeand instrument isonly the front-end

4. Mauna Kea Field of View IfA MSC NVO Internet 2 LSST Mauna Kea Observatory Systems of Systems Concept • LSST - all sky survey • NVO - archival reference • Internet 2 - nodal connectivity • MSC - change detection, dynamic database • Mauna Kea - rapid & detailed follow-up • World-wide observatories - detailed follow-up • Astronomical Community - • professional - off-site participation • educational - teaching resource • amateur - database access • IfA - Observatory System of Systems administration Worldwide Observatories AstrophysicalCommunity Merge Astrophysical and Information Technologies

5. Observatory Systems of Systems LSST - overview • Parameters - • Telescope Class - 6.5 meter class (50m2 collecting area) , 3 deg FOV • Instrument - 24 magnitude sensitivity, 50,000 x 50,000 pixels • Data Rate - 20,000 deg2/week, terabytes/day • Data Storage - 1+ petabyte • Cost - ~$150M, funding - NSF/NASA/other non-government • Area of Investigation • opens up the field of time-domain astronomy - revolutionize knowledge of astronomical source that vary or move on short time-scales (e.g. - movies versus still photos) • 10,000,000,000 objects within grasp, 10,000,000 variable objects expected • real-time data stream to astronomical community - professional, academic, amateur

6. Observatory Systems of Systems LSST - knowledge generation • Asteroids / NEOs- 90% of 250-meter class within first decade, 100’s/day to be detectioned- understand the origin, relationships, and fate of small bodies in the Solar System • Kuiper Belt and Trans-Neptunian Objects- - 10,000 orbital maps, complex dynamic structure, gross physical characterization • Planet Search - - 100,000,000 stars investigated using occultation(gas-giants) and micro-lensing (Jupiter-size) planets • Super Novas - discover ~ 100,000 year, addresses question of heavy element abundance • Galactic Halo - low-luminosity White Dwarfs of ~0.5 solar masses • Dark Matter - - synthesize optics, software, high throughput data analysis to image and map non-luminous mater • Active Galactic Nuclei - construct complete sample of types • Celestial Archive - - Transients / temporal dimension- gamma ray burst (rising light curve), eclipsing binaries, lensed quasars, - Vast new discovery space of optical transients -’ unknown unknowns’- Digital Sky Map - co-adding repeated scans to generate limiting magnitude of 26.5- Support observations at all wavelengths via participation in National Virtual Observatory

7. Observatory Systems of Systems NVO • National Virtual Observatory: • integration of all major astronomical archives into a interoperable system of federated multi-wavelength data bases • exploit potential for scientific discovery afforded by LSST and other survey programs • focus for development of capabilities that do not yet exist • realize full potential of petabyte datasets • establish statistical correlations, discover significant patterns and temporal variations • understand complex astrophysical systems, interactive numerical simulations & statistically complete multivariate bodies of data • Tool Sets • processing ~ tera scale • distributed storage ~ petabyte • image libraries ~ 500,000,000 point sources / 1,000,000 extended sources • dynamic range ~ 11 mag • rapid querying of large scale catalogs real time collaboration • software Digital Sky & GIOD technologies, XSIL, new computational tools • data analysis visualization multivariate patterns • grid computing

8. Observatory Systems of Systems Maui Supercomputing Center • Computational Characteristics of Observatory System of Systems: • Tera-byte / night of data • process data-stream in near real-time • detect, characterize, classify objects / events • retrievable achieve - data structures • Applications: • tuned-change detection algorithms • scaling - data storage of world’s largest non-proprietary database • real-time data mining / farming tool-set • Access-query user-interface & analysis data-visualization aids • Functions: • Curator of existing data sets • support multiple types of queries • Interconnection to other NVO sites

9. Observatory Systems of Systems Mauna Kea Observatories • Site Characteristics: • elevation • favorable climatic conditions - smooth Pacific air flow, mountain dryness • equatorial proximity - northern & southern hemisphere viewing • provides US astronomers with special advantage - generating leadership position • significant infrastructure already in place, recent publication of site master plan (w/o LSST as tenant) • Observation Capability: • - world’s largest observational site, most power collection of optical/infrared and sub-millimeter telescopes • ___% of nation’s observation capability

10. Observatory Systems of Systems Internet 2 • Accessibility - User Explosion: • Professional: front-line astronomers, need breeds of ‘archival’ astronomers • The Public / Educational user • Amateur • Tool Set; • vBNS - very high speed backbone network service - OC192 / 9.6Gbps • ATM - asynchronous transfer mode quality of service • GigaPOP - regional high performance aggregation points • Middleware - Glueworks • Distributed Storage - Manoa as Infrastructure anchor point • Remote Operations - GLOBUS • Virtual Laboratories - AURA / SPARC • Internet of the future - billions of Internet 2 users, convergence applications, embedded systems, unknown killer apps • Technology availability for critical Observatory System of Systems functions by 2005

11. Observatory Systems of Systems Systems Concept • DRIVER: LSST • ability to conduct all-sky survey with high sensitivity instrument • good for IfA areas of inquiry • ENABLERS: NVO / MSC / Internet 2 • NVO technology/approaches to capturing, warehousing, mining, and disseminating data • MSC - good mission fit, looking for strategic sponsor, currently has cycles-to-burn, ability to scale-up to LSST/NVO long-term demand • Internet 2 - UH as node • HARVESTER: Mauna Kea Observatories (and others) • ability to convert LSST/NVO alerts into new discoveries • new paradigm for observational astronomy -- near real-time response to celestial anomalies, vice attempting to predict where they might be observed

12. Observatory Systems of Systems Technical Issues • LSST: • site, telescope, instrument/detector, data processing, internal system operation • hardware performance, software performance • MSC / NVO (SOSO sub-set): • terascale pipeline processing • data acquisition, calibrations/registration, QA, pipelining, archiving, data mining, data farming, retrieval • computational hardware / software / • exchange protocols, cross-correlation tools, metadata standards • data access layer, query and computing services, data mining, data farming, • data analysis / visualization • Mauna Kea Observatories: • LSST and Master Plan • Internet II: • communication architecture VBNS, GigaPOP, GLOBUS • System of Systems • concept of operations, systems engineering / integration

13. Observatory Systems of Systems Funding Issues • Potential Funding conduits: • NASA, NSF, DOE • DoD - Naval Observatory, NRL, AFRL/DE, NRO • Private • Near-Term Effort (with Congressional Support): • bridge funding to jump-start Observatory System of Systems architecture development • development of A-spec for LSST • selected technology risk reduction • Mid-Term (based on historical trends): • National Research Council - Astronomy & Astrophysics in the New Millennium • 5th in a series of decadal reports • 21 new equipment initiatives based on scientific merit, technical readiness, cost effectiveness • $4.67B in scope • SOSO #2 (under combined projects of LSST, NVO, WAVE) • Trends - • increase in international projects • increase in university-based consortia to build and operate midsized-to-large telescopes • general increase in the size of research groups pursuing large/long-term programs • NASA - 60%, NSF - 30%, Private - 10+%

14. Observatory Systems of Systems Cost Issues • Long-term Funded program: • LSST • telescope - $70M • Instrumentation - EO $16M • Instrumentation - IR $20M • Operations ($3M for 10 years) $30M • NVO/MSC (SOSO/LSST element) • Software $10M • Hardware - Computational $5M • Hardware - Storage ($2M/year) $20M • Hardware - Visualization $2M • Hardware - Communication $3M • Operations ($2M/year for 10 years) $20M $196 • Near-Term Effort (FY-02 through 04): • LSST: technology development and A-Spec $15M • NVO/MSC Architecture $10M

15. Systems of Systems ObservatoryBack-up Slides

16. Observatory Systems of Systems NEO Threat • NEO - Near Earth Object = Asteroids and Cometsextreme case of low-probability events / high-consequence effects • Binzel Report (NAS Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee) • Population: • > 1-meter,1,000 20% discovered • > 100-meter, 150,000 1% discovered • Earth Impact Rate ~: • 1KM ~ 1 per 100,000 years ~ 10,000 MT TNT energy release • 100m ~ 1 per 100 years ~50 MT TNT energy release • >1 m ~ 100,000 kg /day • Historical Record of Cataclysmic Event • Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction (65 million) ~ mass extinction • Tunguska, Siberia - (1908) ~ 50m ~ 10-20MT (>100KM2 devastation) • Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1999) • Annual Hiroshima scale energies dissipate in atmosphere (earth shields upto 30-50M) • Bottom-line =1% chance of severe regional damage in next century

17. Observatory Systems of Systems New Approach to Astronomy • in the past, exploratory efforts in astronomy were constrained by the need to carefully select small samples, we can now imagine exploiting the revolution in computing and networking to: • - discover patterns revealed from analysis of statistically rich and unbiased image and/or catalog databases and from application of advanced visualization tools; and, • - deepen our understanding of complex astrophysical systems through sophisticated numerical simulations with the use of advanced statistical methods • erase old barriers of time and distance in carrying out modern astronomical observations