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Writing A Research Paper Part Two Writing Drafts and Citations

Learn about effective techniques for writing engaging introductions and structuring the body of your research paper. Discover strategies like outlining, question-based writing, and concrete examples to enhance your paper. Ensure your drafts meet the criteria for strong academic writing.

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Writing A Research Paper Part Two Writing Drafts and Citations

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  1. Writing A Research PaperPart TwoWriting Drafts and Citations

  2. Introduction Introductions are important. They arouse a reader's interest, introduce the subject, and tackle the “So What?” factor. In short, they're your paper's "first impression." But you don't have to write them first. In fact, many students prefer launching right into the body of the essay before they tackle intros and conclusions. However, other students prefer writing the introduction first to help "set up" what's to follow.

  3. Whatever your style, you'll probably put your thesis/question somewhere near the end of the paragraph and some important background information directly before. Contrary to what you may have been taught, intros don't have to begin (even – should not begin) with a "general statement." So what are some different ways to start that first sentence?

  4. Begin with a quotation. Just make sure you explain its relevance.Begin with an acknowledgment of an opinion opposite to the one you plan to take.Begin with a short narrative or anecdote that has a direct bearing on your paper.Begin with an interesting fact

  5. Begin with a definition or explanation of a term relevant to your paper.Begin with irony or paradox.Begin with an analogy. Make sure it's original but not too far-fetched.

  6. The Body Writing strategies to build the body of the paper Prepare an Outline. Chronology Question and Answer Classify and analyze Process analysis

  7. Write an outline for your paper by organizing your notes from the note cards into topics, subtopics, details, and subdetails. Use an organization such as:I. (topic)  A.(subtopic) 1. (detail)  II. (topic)  A.(subtopic) 1. (detail) Prepare an Outline

  8. Chronology Use chronology to trace historical events of your topic. How did the topic develop, and explain by placing the topic in a structure of its sequence by time. The writer may need to discuss the causes or consequences of certain events.

  9. Question and answer You can present information by framing a question and then answering it with specific details and evidence. Were early frontiersmen prejudice in their treatment of women? L’Amour’s story give up a loud “yes.” One of the rules of the wagon train demonstrates the prejudice there has to be a man in every wagon.”

  10. Classify and analyze Classify and analyze the various issues. Spend some time discussing the various items (entire paragrpahs or more for instance) to develop each as evidence in support of the thesis sentence.

  11. Process analysis A process analysis paragraph is useful in explaining the steps necessary to achieve a desired end.

  12. Cause and Effect Write cause and effect to develop the reason for a circumstance and / or to examine the consequences.

  13. Compare and Contrast Employ comparison and contrast to show the two sides of a subject, to compare two characters, to contrast the past with the present, or to examine positive and negative issues.

  14. Concrete examples and reasoning are the heart of a paper. With your topic and controlling idea in mind, push your thoughts beyond generalizations to concrete examples. The clause, "I hate potatoes," is general; "the texture, color, and flavor of potatoes does nothing for me," is a more concrete statement. Generate concrete examples

  15. Writing the Body Checklist The paper written in third person – No I or you! Each paragraph has a proper topic sentenceArguments are documented by proof or examplesThere are no run-on or unfinished sentencesThere are no unnecessary or repetitious wordsSentences are of varying lengths.Paragraph transition smoothly into the next?There are no spelling or grammatical errors?Quotations are accurate in source, and grammar? Citations are accurate and in correct format?Contractions are eliminated "cannot" instead of "can't", Is there a sense of completion for reader(s) at the end?

  16. Conclusion The conclusion to any paper is the final impression that can be made. It is the last opportunity to get the writer’s point across to the reader and leave the reader feeling as if he or she learned something. Leaving a paper "dangling" without a proper conclusion can seriously devalue what was said in the body itself.

  17. Writing conclusions that have substance In your conclusion, try to carry your reader to a new level of perception about the topic. A summary of what you have said in the paper is not satisfactory. After all the reader will hardly need reminding of things just read. Therefore use a combination of techniques. Techniques used in writing conclusions should reaffirm the topic and thesis. Cite specific facts, use a paraphrase from an authority, challenge an assumption or compare outdated ideas in light of contemporary thinking to reach a final conclusion.

  18. DON'T allow the conclusion to become a restatement of the thesis. DON'T view it as merely an ornamental way to end your paper - its role should be to justify your paper at the highest level.DO analyze how your argument has changed as your paper has progressed. If you haven't proven anything more than merely what you mentioned in your introduction, you haven't really said anything at all. DON'T begin your conclusion with the opener "In conclusion...". That makes your paper awkwardly self-conscious and contrived, rather than naturally unfolded.

  19. DO attempt some sort of unified closure, with respect to what you set up in the introduction. If you used one of the previously mentioned clever introductions, make reference again to the quote, questions, or anecdote you incorporated.DO consider linking your argument to a more universal idea, analyzing its relevance with an eye on the new angle your argument proved.

  20. All formal reports or essays should be typewritten and printed, preferably on a good quality printer with good paper.Proofread final paper carefully for spelling, punctuation, missing or duplicated words. Make the effort to ensure that your final paper is clean, tidy, neat, and attractive. Remember appearance counts!Aim to have your final paper ready a day or two before the deadline. This gives you peace of mind and a chance to triple check. Before handing in your assignment for marking, ask yourself: "Is this the VERY BEST that I can do?" TYPE FINAL PAPER

  21. Citation Writers of research papers have to borrow information from other people in order to prove points. Any time one borrows information from another source, they must show in the paper where the information was found. This is called "citing" or "referencing." If one does not cite sources, it is called "plagiarism." It is illegal to plagiarize someone else's work or ideas.

  22. List sources in an alphabetical order according to the author's last name.If no author is listed, begin with the main word of the article or book title (ignoring A, An, or The).Underline the title of books, magazines, or journals. Works Cited Formatting Rules

  23. A Dictionary is not an acceptable source

  24. Quote the title of articles, or any other work that appears within a publication.The order of each entry is as followsAuthor. "Article." Title of Book. City Published: Publisher, Year of Publication.Complete MLA Format can be found at http://depts.gallaudet.edu/englishworks/writing/mlaguide.html#

  25. Book Citing Book with one authorClawfed, Marilyn. America’s Richest People. Baltimore: BelAir, 1976. Book with two authors Jonessey, Vivian R., and Martin O. Engle. Deaf History: Triumphs and Tragedies. Washington, DC: Deaf Club, 1989. Book with three authors Jonessey, Vivian R., Martin O. Engle, and Cybil B. Forrester. Deaf History: Triumphs and Tragedies. Washington, DC: Deaf Club, 1989.

  26. Newspaper Articles Newspaper Article Grosslyn, Jessica. "Plane Crash Raises Fears on Safety of Airplanes." Philadelphia News 14 Feb. 1994: A10, col. 3. Newspaper Article with no author "U.S. Troops Go Home Today." The World News 25 Nov. 1993: A5.

  27. Magazine Articles Magazine Article Comptell, Augustine. "Are We So Beautiful?" Beauty Center 3 Dec. 1995: A3. Magazine Article with no author "What’s a Prozin?" Health News. 22 Oct. 1994: 32-36.

  28. Note Form Versus Bibliographic Form With some exceptions, documentation notes and bibliographic entries provide the same information, but differ in form The differences are shown in Red

  29. Bibliographic Form Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Moscow 1990

  30. Footnotes and Endnotes 1Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation.(New York: Moscow 1990)52.

  31. Encyclopedia Article Encyclopedia Article Krueber, Alfred L. "The Concept and Components of Cell Cultures." Britannica: Micropedia. 1998 ed. Encyclopedia Article with no author "Making Money." Compton's Encyclopedia. 1974 ed.

  32. Online Sources Online book Fuller, Jennifer. Cat Phobia. 1977. 18 Jan. 1999 <http://books.university.edu/1020/phobia>. Online newspaper article Reid, T.R. "Druids Return to Stonehenge." Washington Post 23 Nov. 1993. 25 Nov. 1993 www.washingtonpost.com/wp~srv/WPlate/1993 Online Article with no author "Fleeting Consciousness." US News Online 29 June 1998. 25 October 1999 www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/980629/29brain

  33. Any Questions?

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