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The Civil War 1861 - 1865

This text explores the beginning of the Civil War, the Union and Confederate states, the war in the East and West, and the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation. It discusses key battles, leaders, and the effects of the war.

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The Civil War 1861 - 1865

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  1. The Civil War1861 - 1865

  2. A. The Beginning – Fort Sumter

  3. Lincoln’s Inauguration • March 4, 1861 • 7 states have seceded • Lincoln does not believe they had the authority • Does not want war • Only Ft. Sumter & Ft. Pickens still under Federal control “I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments”

  4. The Confederate States of America • Eventually 11 states • Capital initially Montgomery, AL • Will move to Richmond, VA after the secession of VA • Jefferson Davis is the President • Government similar to Articles of Confederation

  5. Lincoln tries to send provisions Confederacy sees this as a sign of aggression SC militia attacks the Fort Fort surrenders April 14 Lincoln calls up the army Final 4 states secede Civil War begins Ft. Sumter – April 12, 1861

  6. B. The Union vs. The Confederacy

  7. See Handouts

  8. Why did it take the North 4 years to win? • Leaders • South had much better leadership from the get-go • North would not find an effective leader until 1863 • South just had to defend its territory • North had to conquer 11 states

  9. Confederate Generals George Pickett PGT Beauregard Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest West Point Graduate Served in Mex-Am War Won Ft. Sumter Won 1st Battle of Bull Run West Point Graduate Served in Mex-Am War Tactical Genius West Point Graduate Served in Mex-Am War Wealthy Planter Later started the KKK

  10. Robert E. Lee • Attended West Point • Served in Mex-Am War • Lincoln asked him to head Union Army • Chose to follow VA • Man in charge of Confederate Army

  11. Union Generals George McClellan Winfield Scott War of 1812 Black Hawk War Seminole War Mex-Am War He is 74 years old Incapable of going to battle West Point Mex-Am War Overcautious & Unaggressive

  12. C. War in the East & the Anaconda Plan

  13. Proposed by Winfield Scott Realized it would take time to defeat the CSA 2 Part Plan Blockade the South Take control of the Mississippi Never called for a direct invasion The Anaconda Plan

  14. Lincoln put Blockade into place 4/19/61 • Hard to enforce • 3,500 miles of coastline • 90 ships • Cut off all imports & exports to the CSA • Britain refused to violate

  15. Blockade eventually very effective • Part 2 not followed until late 1862 • Lincoln decides instead to invade

  16. Battle of Bull Run (7/21/61)a.k.a. First Manassas • North thought victory would be swift & easy • Lincoln ordered invasion • Union lost • Impact: • North realized this would be a long fight & began to prepare

  17. Battle of the Ironclads (3/8-9/62)Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia) • 1st battle of iron re-enforced ships • Armored ships with a ram on the front

  18. March 8: Virginia was trying to disrupt the blockade in the Chesapeake Bay • Inflicted huge damage to U.S. Navy • March 9: Monitor arrives • Spend the day ramming each other • Neither wins • Dramatically changes naval warfare

  19. The Peninsula CampaignApril 5-July 1, 1862 • McClellan now in charge of the Union Army • Ordered to capture Richmond • Afraid to have frontal assault • Invades up the Peninsula • Encounters Lee • Loses & is fired

  20. Second Bull Run (8/28-30/62) • John Pope now in charge of Union Army • Engages Lee at Manassas • Loses, retreats to D.C., & is fired • McClellan put back in charge

  21. Antietam (9/17/62) • Bloodiest single day of fighting of the entire war • Lee decides to invade the North • Persuade Border states to join the CSA • Gain British aid • Capture D.C.

  22. The Union won • 1st real victory • McClellan failed to pursue the Confederates across the Potomac • Fired again • Britain would not intervene to help the CSA

  23. D.The War in the West

  24. Ulysses S. Grant • West Point graduate • Served in Mex-Am War • Forced to resign from the army in 1854 • Rejoined with the start of the Civil War • Sent to the West where he will become a hero

  25. Grant’s Victories in the West • Forts Donelson & Henry: captured in Feb 1862 • Allowed access to the Tennessee & Cumberland Rivers • Allowed Union to capture Nashville & most of TN • Kentucky now secure

  26. Shiloh (April 6 & 7, 1862): • Fought against Gen. Beauregard • Won • Bloodiest battle of the war • New Orleans captured April 29 by the Navy • Grant ordered to take control of the Mississippi

  27. E. The Emancipation Proclamation

  28. The Proclamation • Lincoln announced on September 23, 1862 • All slaves in rebellious areas would become free on January 1, 1863 • Warning to the South • Main purpose: make sure Britain would not aid the CSA • Constitutionality questionable

  29. Reaction • North has a mixed reaction • Abolitionists felt it wasn’t enough • Some worry about the Border States • Racism increases because of worry of increasing numbers of African-Americans • South FURIOUS • Europeans most important • Will now not intervene

  30. F. The Soldiers

  31. Johnny Reb & Billy Yank • Over 3 million men served in the Civil War • Chances in the War: • 1 out of every 6.7 wounded • 1 out of every 38 would die of his wounds • 1 out every 42.7 killed in battle • 1 out of every 10 captured • 1 out of every 7 captured died in prison

  32. Confederate Draft • Initially relied on volunteers • Draft brought in April 1862 • Any man age 17-50 • Ways around the draft: • 1 exemption for every 20 slave owned • Hire a substitute • Became “Rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”

  33. Union Draft • Initially relied on volunteers • 90% would be volunteers • 1st conscription law passed March 1863 • Ways around the Draft: • Hire a substitute • Buy an exemption ($300) • “Rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”

  34. Spring & Summer 1863 draft riots across the North Most protesting b/c this is now a fight about slavery Most riots in Democratic areas Largest was in NYC Draft Riots

  35. Enlistment of African-Americans • African-Americans initially not allowed to enlist as soldiers • Served in Navy as laborers, cooks, firemen • After Emancipation Proc, African-Americans were enlisted • 180,000 total served

  36. G.Effects of the War

  37. Legislation Passed • 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act (raises the tariff) • 1862 – Homestead Act (free land out west) • 1862 – Legal Tender Act (print greenbacks) • 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act (building colleges) • 1863 – Pacific Railway Act (transcontinental RR) • 1863 – National Bank Act (create banks & national currency)

  38. The Economy • North prospered • South fell apart • Women saw expanded roles in both North & South • Inflation was a problem for both • 90% in the North • 9000% in the South

  39. Limitation on Liberties • In times of war limitations are placed on people’s rights • Violations of Constitution: • Blockade of the South • Suspended Habeas Corpus • “Supervised” voting in Border States

  40. H. Turning Points of the War

  41. Vicksburg • Grant needs Vicksburg to have control of Mississippi river • Frontal attacks did not work • Laid siege May 19-July 4, 1863 • Wins control of Vicksburg • Wins control of the Mississippi • South cut into 2 • Vital food supply line cut off

  42. Gettysburg • Lee decides to again invade the North • Foreign Aid • Force a negotiated peace • July 1-3, 1863 fights in Pennsylvania • Meade in control of Union army • Union wins • Significance: • Lee now only defensive • Coupled with Vicksburg, South now losing

  43. Gettysburg Address • Speech given by Lincoln Nov. 19, 1863 • Outlines the goal of the Federal government • EQUALITY • The U.S. is a nation not a union of autonomous states

  44. Able to defeat Lee numerous times Gets stuck in Petersburg 1864 Grant vs. Lee • After Vicksburg, Grant in charge of Union army • Moves to the East • Fights a war of attrition: • Destroy strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for war

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