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THE GEOGRAPHY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY

THE GEOGRAPHY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY. EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY. Critical part of the human condition. CONNECTIONS. How are people and places connected? Why these connections? When did they develop? What trade networks, or accessibility links, are there between places?.

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THE GEOGRAPHY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY

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  1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY

  2. EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY • Critical part of the human condition

  3. CONNECTIONS • How are people and places connected? • Why these connections? • When did they develop? • What trade networks, or accessibility links, are there between places?

  4. Expansion from core area (Out of Africa)

  5. Rise of cultural hearths • (sedentary settlements) • Nile, Fertile Crescent, • Americas, Indus Valley, • Ganges, etc.

  6. MOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY • HUMAN DESIRE TO SEE • “WHAT’S OVER THE HILL” • NEED FOR MORE RESOURCES • TRIBAL / IMPERIALISTIC / EMPIRE AMBITIONS • (TERRITORY)

  7. Political geography of territory and resources TERRITORY = RESOURCES RESOURCES = POWER POWER = MORE TERRITORY

  8. Venetian and Genoan Trade Networks

  9. GOING GLOBAL …… • GREAT CHINESE FLEETS - • early 15TH CENT. • (Indian and Pacific Ocean voyages)

  10. GOING GLOBAL …… • EUROPEAN VOYAGES - • 1450s onwards • (Caravelle, astrolabe, gunpowder, etc.) • GREAT CHINESE FLEETS - • 15TH CENTURY • (Indian and Pacific Ocean voyages)

  11. EUROPEANEXPLORATION 15TH – 18TH centuries Sub-Saharan Africa/Asia Slowly incorporated into the Atlantic trade system

  12. AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT • Belief in power of science to help humans understand their place in the world - • The Age of Reason ● Scientific expeditions across the planet

  13. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT KONDRATIEFF CYCLES • FIRST CYCLE = 1760s to 1820s • Technology = Steam, Mining, Factories The Industrial Revolution Cycle is a +/- 30-year rise on innovation and a +/- 30-year decline until next innovation

  14. PACIFIC EXPLORATION • Britain’s James Cook (1728-1779)

  15. KONDRATIEFF CYCLES • SECOND CYCLE = 1820s to 1880s (Empire Building) • Technology = Railroad, Steamships, Telegraph

  16. PLANNED RAILROAD ROUTES - FRENCH WEST AFRICA

  17. AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY EXPLORATIONS • Founded in 1851 in New York • The AGS mission – exploration and discovery • Research focus – Arctic and Antarctic • Notables – Grinnell, Muir, Pres. Wilson, Isaiah Bowman, FDR ……..

  18. KONDRATIEFF CYCLES • THIRD CYCLE = 1880s to 1945 • Technology = Automobiles, airplanes, telephones, weaponry. The Age of the great European out-migrations….. (1830s to 1930s)

  19. AGE OF EMPIRES • 1886 CONFERENCE OF BERLIN • Opening up Africa – scramble for resources and territory

  20. FRENCH INDO-CHINA1850s – 1950s

  21. KONDRATIEFF CYCLES • FOURTH CYCLE = 1945 to early 1990s • Technology = Space, communications, the quantitative revolution The Atomic Age……. The Cold War …….

  22. KONDRATIEFF CYCLES • FIFTH CYCLE = early 1990s to 2050s ?? • Technology = digital, biotech, nanotechnology, GPS/GIS (spatial mapping), massive infrastructure (renewal?)

  23. KONDRATIEFF CYCLES • FIFTH CYCLE = early 1990s to 2050s ?? • The Age of Globalization The Age of Cultural Conflicts ???? The Age of Climate Change !!!!! (Human Impacts)

  24. 21st CENTURY EXPLORATION • What are the new exploration and discovery challenges for the 21st century?

  25. 21st CENTURY EXPLORATION • Oceans ? • Space ? • The Human Genome project ? • Human – Environment Relationships ?

  26. THANK YOU!

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