Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC): Research Overview

1. Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC):Research Overview Christine M. Belcastro, Ph.D. IRAC Principal Investigator Phone: (757) 864-4035 e-mail: christine.m.belcastro@larc.nasa.gov October 2006

2. Presentation Outline • IRAC Long-Term Mission and Goals • IRAC Research Problem • Mission & Goals • Technology Vision • Key Technical Challenges • IRAC 5-Year Research Plan • Objectives • Research Approach & Technical Areas • Research & Technology Integration • IRAC Project Summary

3. IRAC Research Problem: Aircraft Loss of Control Aircraft Loss of Control (LOC) Events Result From Numerous Causal & Contributing Factors On-line Crew Notification & Cueing Control under Adverse Conditions: • Control System Component Failures (e.g., Sensors, Actuators, Propulsion System) • Vehicle Impairment & Damage (e.g., Control Surfaces, Fuselage & Lifting Surfaces) • Vehicle Configuration Incompatibilities • System Errors (e.g., SW/HW errors, HIRF) • Crew Input Errors (e.g., PIO, Mode Confusion) • Atmospheric Disturbances (e.g., Wake Vortices) • Weather (e.g., Wind Shear, Turbulence, Icing) Assisted, Semi-Automated, and Automatic Control Off-line Crew Training Prevention/Recovery from Upset Conditions: • Operation Beyond Normal Flight Envelope • Unstable Modes of Motion • Stall and/or Departure from Controlled Flight • Uncommanded Motions due to - Asymmetric Thrust - Failures • Out-of-Control Motions - Falling Leaf - Stall/Spin Aircraft Modeling & Simulation Vehicle State Assessment Recovery & Control Validation & Verification

4. IRAC Long-Term Mission & Goals Mission: Develop technologies to prevent or recover from aircraft loss of control and ensure safe flight under flight/safety-critical adverse, upset, and hazard conditions in the current and next-generation air transportation system Goals: • Reduce aircraft loss-of-control accidents by detecting, characterizing, and mitigating the historical and emerging precursors to loss-of-control events • Provide onboard control resilience functions for continuously assessing and managing vehicle performance and control capability to ensure flight safety and recoverability under multiple and cascading adverse, upset, and hazard conditions

5. IRAC Technology Vision Multidisciplinary Characterization ofAbnormal Conditions Diagnostics &Prognostics for AbnormalCondition Effects on Flight Safety Vehicle-Based Mission Management & Autonomous Collision Avoidance Safe Flight & Mission Management Validation Commands Uncertainties Verification Disturbances Software Assurance Stuck Rudder Damaged Aileron Control Recovery from Loss-of-Control Conditions Failure / Damage / Impairment Mitigation Robustness to Atmospheric Disturbances

6. IRAC Key Technical Challenges • Integrated Modeling & Simulation • Multidisciplinary Characterization of Abnormal Condition Effects on Vehicle Dynamics • Upsets • Failures/Damage • External Hazards (Icing, Turbulence, Wind Shear, Wakes) • Characterization of Coupled Effects of Multiple Abnormal Conditions • Integrated Recovery & Control • Integrated Robust/Adaptive Multi-Objective Control Methods for Abnormal Conditions • Flight / Propulsion / Structural Control • Failure / Damage Accommodation • Upset Recovery • Complexity of Structural Damage for Detection/Prediction & Accommodation • Static & Dynamic Loads Effects • Aeroelastic Effects • Capability to Effectively Handle Multiple LOC Causal/Contributing Factors • Natural Hazards Prediction/Detection & Mitigation • Human-Induced Error Detection & Mitigation • Autonomous Navigation and Control Capability for Abnormal Conditions • Trajectory Generation • Self-Separation • Collision Avoidance • Vehicle/Crew Integration • Effective Crew Involvement under Abnormal Conditions • Variable Levels of Autonomy • Integrated Validation & Verification • Verification, Validation, and Certification of Nondeterministic, Adaptive, Autonomous Systems • Predictive Capability Assessment for Abnormal Application Domains that Cannot be Fully Tested • Verification & Safety Assurance of Software-Intensive Safety-Critical Systems

7. IRAC Project Objectives: First 5-Years Objectives: • Develop and Evaluate integrated/multidisciplinary methods, tools, and techniques for the: • Characterization, detection, and/or prediction of icing, upset, and damage conditions and their effects on aircraft safety of flight • Loss-of-Control prevention, mitigation, recovery, and trajectory management under icing, upset, and/or damage conditions • Assessment of complex integrated systems • analytical, simulation, and experimental validation • Application of methods that currently exist or are currently under development • Development of preliminary analytical methods for adaptive systems (NRA) • predictive capability assessment (initial methods) • software verification and safety assurance (preliminary methods) • Establish pathways to facilitate and/or enable future technology transition • Integration with IVHM & IIFD • Leveraging with AAD • Collaborations with Industry, the FAA, and OGAs • Participation on RTCA Committees and other Rule/Procedure-Making Organizations for Software Certification

8. IRAC Research Approach & Technical Areas Fatal Accident Distribution 60% 30% 0% LoC CFIT Comp.Failures Runway Incur. Other Unknown Wx Commercial Transports US General Aviation Safety Challenges Enable NGATS Loss of Control significant IRAC Research Deliverables Multi-Disciplinary Modeling, Design, Analysis, & Optimization Tools for Resilient Integrated Control of Aircraft in Off-Nominal Conditions Vehicle State Assessment, Recovery and Control Aircraft Modeling & Simulation for Off Nominal Conditions V&V of Complex Adaptive Systems Aerodynamics Aeroservoelasticity Propulsion Flight Control Human /Autonomy Integrated V&V Physics-Based Modeling (Fluid, Structural & Engine Dynamics) Validation & Verification (Adaptive & Learning Systems) Control (Off-Nominal Conditions) Experimental Methods (Off-Nominal Conditions)

9. IRAC Research & Technology Integration

10. IRAC Project Summary • Comprehensive Research & Technology Development for Adverse, Upset, and External Hazard Conditions • Dynamics Modeling & Simulation • Vehicle State Assessment • Control Recovery & Trajectory Management • Integrated Technology Validation & Verification Process • IRAC Research Key Attributes • Integrated Multidisciplinary Modeling & Control Methods • Diagnostics & Prognostics from a Safety-of-Flight & Control Perspective • Integrated Control Mitigation & Recovery for Off-Nominal Conditions (Including Trajectory Management & Collision Avoidance) • Variable Autonomy Capability and Interfaces with Human Operator • Integrated V&V Process for Adaptive Safety-Critical Control Systems • Integration of IRAC with other AvSAFE Projects and ARMD Programs • Integrated Vehicle Health Management Technologies • Integrated Flight/Engine/Airframe Control for Extended Life and Degradation/Failure Accommodation • Integrated Intelligent Flight Deck • Variable Autonomy and Effective Crew Involvement under Off-Nominal Conditions • Aircraft Aging and Durability • Leveraging of Structural Modeling Methods and Tools (especially aging effects for damage growth prediction) • Fundamental Aeronautics Program • Application and Development of IRAC technologies for future aircraft operating in all flight regimes • Airspace Program • Leveraging of external hazards (e.g., wake vortex) models and development of advanced IRAC technologies for supporting NGATS (especially under off-nominal conditions) • Broad Range of Industry Participation Anticipated • RFI Released in January 2006 Resulted in Many Responses • Anticipate Partnerships through Space Act Agreements • Would Like to Facilitate Development of Consortia for Collaborations