Introduction to Chemistry Chem 003A Fall 2010

1. Introduction to Chemistry Chem 003AFall 2010 Instructor: Brett Williams Lecture: MW 6:00 PM-6:55 PM in Cunningham 301 Laboratory: MW 7:00 PM-9:55 PM in Cunningham 301

2. Two ways to reach me: • E-mail: balero01@cs.com • E-mail: bwilliams@deltacollege.edu

3. Course is comprised of: • Lectures • Problem Sets • Assigned Homework • Quizzes • Lab Exercises • Lab Experiments • Worksheets • 4 Exams and 1 Final Exam

4. Lectures • Presented on power point overheads • Lecture notes are available in hard copy • To download files, go to this adjunct faculty site: www.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliams • Not required for class, but recommended • Lecture notes complement the textbook/assignments but attendance is essential to get all of the information you need

5. Problem Sets • Usually succeed the lecture • Several practice problems associated with the current lecture topic • Some of these handouts will be covered in class • Some of these handouts can be submitted for credit • Problems sets are to assist you with homework assignments in the text • Not every type of chapter problem is represented on the problem sets

6. Homework • Assigned for each chapter • Problems are placed near the beginning of each power point lecture presentation • All odd numbered answers are placed at the end of the book • HW will not be collected or graded • HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do the HW (most likely) it will affect your performance on the quizzes

7. Quizzes • Five Chapter Quizzes • 20 points each • No make-ups • Based on the homework assignments for that chapter • 20-30 minutes long • Given during the first hour • The best 4 of 5chapter quizzes are used in your total score • Two Name and Formula Quizzes for Chapter 5

8. Other Lab Assignments • Lab Exercises • Ten (total) exercises • 10 points each • Most will originate from your laboratory textbook • Worksheets • Not collected or graded • To be completed during lab period • A review to prepare for exams

9. Experiments • Ten (total) experiments • 20 Points Each • Labs are due in one week (if the lab is done in class on Tuesday, the lab report is due the following Tuesday) • 60 % rule: Must meet this minimum score in lab to pass the course. No exceptions • The best 9 out of 10 experiments are used in your total score

10. Exams • Four exams • Based on the chapters which are listed in the syllabus • 100 points each • All exams count in total score • Time: 2 hours to complete

11. Final Exam • Monday, Dec 13th, *6 PM • 3 Hours • Cumulative Exam • 200 points

12. Grading Scale (Based on 1000 possible points) 90.0 - 100 % A 75.0 - 89.9 % B 60.0 - 74.9 % C 50.0 - 59.9% D < 50.0 % F

13. Required Materials • Textbook:Introductory Chemistry, 3rd ed. by Tro • Laboratory Manual:Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory, 13th ed. by M. Hein, et al • Calculator • Safety Goggles & Lock

14. Laboratory Policy • No one may participate in lab wearing open toe / heel shoes. Watch what you wear on lab days. If you have inappropriate attire, you will NOT be allowed to complete the lab • Goggles must be worn during all lab experiments • Your attendance will be monitored

15. Chapter 1 The Chemical World

16. Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things • Chemistry • The study of the properties and the behavior of chemicals (matter) • The composition, structure, and reactions of chemicals • The connection between properties of a substance and the properties of the particles that compose it • Why does Soda Pop Fizz? • Why is water a liquid? • Why a sunset is red?

17. All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules • All things around you are composed of atoms (matter) • Atomsbond together to form molecules • How atoms are bonded and the types of atoms present determine the properties of a substance • Chemistry occurs around you everyday and affects everything you use and do. • It helps us to understand the connection between our world and the world of atoms and molecules • The properties of matter are analyzed by: • Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we see) • Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose matter (atomic level)

18. Chemical Processes • Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and happen around you all of the time • The molecular interactions create your experience • Chemistry (reactions) occurs when • food is cooked or baked • chlorine is added to a pool • batteries are used in a flashlight/radio • salt is added to sidewalks and roads • bleach is added to laundry

19. Chemical Processes • In nature • fermentation by microbes which converts sugars to alcohols • photosynthesis by plants to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy • leaves changing color due to the interaction of different pigments

20. Chemical Processes • In laboratories and in manufacturing • gasoline refining (distillation) • development of synthetic fibers (nylon, dacron) • new pharmaceuticals (design and synthesis) • water purification (water softening) • agriculture/food production (pesticides, fungicides, herbicides)

21. Chemistry and Chemicals • Everything around you is composed of chemicals • A chemical is a material used or produced in a chemical process (laboratory, manufacturing or natural). • A substance is a chemical that consists of one type of matter • It consists of two or more bound elements in a fixed ratio • Same composition and properties throughout • Substances that were developed by chemists are in use everyday • Soaps, toothpaste, lotion, clothing

22. Scientific Disciplines • Science is the study in which humans attempt to explain knowledge about themselves and their surroundings • Facts are organized and explained, in a systematic and logical manner • It is an attempt to understand (better) how nature works • Through observation of physical evidence (phenomena) • Experiments to simulate events under controlled conditions

23. Scientific Disciplines • Science covers an enormous range of accumulated information which is divided into branches called scientific disciplines • Chemistry is one of the branches of science (botany, geology, physics, zoology)

24. The Scientific Method • Most scientific and technological advances are through the use of experimentation as a method of problem-solving • In general, no two scientist will approach a problem exactly in the same manner • Scientist (chemists) use a method of learning that emphasizes observation and experimentation: The Scientific Method • These are the guidelines for the practice of science to achieve systematic experimentation

25. The Scientific Method • Scientific Method: A set of procedures (steps) used to acquire knowledge and explain an observable fact • The process (steps): • Observations: Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain information • Collect Data: Observe, describe, and take measurements (data) • Organize data to find patterns in the information • Once sufficient data is collected, form a hypothesis • A hypothesis is a possible model or statement that offers an explanation for the observations

26. The Scientific Method: Hypothesis, Theory, Law • Experiments: A well-defined, controlled procedure to obtain information • To validate the hypothesis perform more experiments • If an experiment is performed under exactly the same conditions, the same results (facts) should occur • If results are different than predicted, modify or propose a new hypothesis • Theory • A hypothesis that has been tested and validated over a long period of time • Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are repeated and confirm the hypothesis

27. The Scientific Method:Hypothesis, Theory, Law • If after extensive testing the reliability of a hypothesis become very high, it will evolve to a theory • A theory allows a scientist to predict the outcome of proposed experiments • If results of future experiments conflict with the current theory it must either be modified, restated, or even replaced

28. The Scientific Method:Hypothesis, Theory, Law • After determining what facts are known about a selected problem, more experimentation is performed to obtain more information • More facts are obtained. Look for repeating patterns among the collected facts • If a large number of facts are tied together, it can eventually lead to a single generalized statement • Law: A concise, verbal statement that summarizes facts about a natural phenomenon

29. Using the Scientific Method In Summary: • Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain information • Collect data through observation and experimentation • Qualitative: Do not involve a number • Quantitative: Involve measurements • Analyze and organize the data to summarize observations (form generalizations) • Suggest probable explanations (form a hypothesis) • Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed explanations

30. Example I Example I • Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a tomato plant receives affect the size of the tomatoes? • You have observed the plants in the garden exposed to more sunlight appear to grow larger • Hypothesis: “The more sunlight a tomato plant receives, the larger its tomatoes will grow.”

31. Example I Example I • Your hypothesis is based on the fact that tomato plants need sunshine to produce food (photosynthesis) • The tomato plants exposed to more sunlight appear to grow larger • Set up an experiment with two sets of plants. Both receive the same care with one set exposed to more sunlight

32. Example I • Collect your data and summarize your results • Conclusion: The hypothesis is supported by the data or it can be rejected (not supported by the data) • The hypothesis cannot be proven with one experiment • The original hypothesis can be supported by the collected data

33. Example II Example II Topic: You have probably noticed (observed) that soda pop fizzes when the bottle is opened. • Step 1: State the problem. Why does soda pop fizz? • Step 2: Gather information (data). • Examine soda pop’s properties. • Its color, taste, etc. • It bubbles and fizzes when opened. • Examine soda’s composition.

34. Example II • Step 3: Organize the information (data). • All the material around you is composed of chemicals. • The three main chemical ingredients of soda pop are water, sugar, and carbon dioxide • Sugar = sweetness • Water = liquid • Carbon dioxide = gas

35. Example II • Step 4: Look for patterns. • Structure determines properties,so the fizzing of soda must have something to do with its composition • Carbon dioxide, a component of the soda (carbonated beverages), is a gas • We know that: • If we blow air, a gas, into water, bubbles form. • Bubbles are like soda fizz.

36. Example II • Step 5: Propose a hypothesis. • Based on the fact that the only gas in soda is carbon dioxide: “The reason soda pop fizzes is because the carbon dioxide is coming out of the soda.” • Step 6: Test your hypothesis. • How would you set up an experiment to test it?

37. Benefits to Studying Chemistry • To further understand our world and its impact on our daily living (health care, natural resources, environmental protection, food supply) • Provides insight into other areas of modern science and technology • Learn Problem-Solving Skills • The ability to solve complicated chemistry problems can be applied to other types of problem-solving • Help you develop a systematic approach to scientific thought (logical, analytical) • Enhances your ability to predict future events based on patterns of behavior

38. A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed • Some memorization is required: • Learn the terms (vocabulary) • Ask why things occur in nature • Calculation Required: • Problem solving will include conceptual checkpoints, sample problems, and student exercises • Commitment: Use Active Learning: Read the text, attend lecture and practice “problem solving” regularly • Class: Problem sets, exercises

39. Learning Chemistry • Develop your own study plan • Do the recommended problems • Your confidence and problem solving skills are enhanced through repetition • Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first time you see it • Read the text, come to class • Ask questions

40. Homework • “Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1” (a, b, c, d) “Checkpoints” succeed certain chapter sections • “Exercises” 1-13 (odd only) • “Problems” 15-19 (odd only)