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MODALS - INTRODUCTION

MODALS - INTRODUCTION. MODAL VERBS can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will and would: are always used before another verb in its infinitive form without to: He can swim. never change – they do not add –s, or – ed or – ing .

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MODALS - INTRODUCTION

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  1. MODALS - INTRODUCTION MODAL VERBS can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will and would: • are always used before another verb in its infinitive form without to: He can swim. • never change – they do not add –s, or –ed or –ing. • are immediately followed by not in the negative: You should not (shouldn’t) be late. • go immediately before the subject in a question: Couldyou wake me up?

  2. OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY • PRESENT: must and have to I must/have togo now or I’ll miss the bus. • We only use must in the present tense. In all other tenses we use have to: I had to work every day last week. (past simple) I will have to work longer hours. (future) • When something is unnecessary we use don’t have to, or needn’t (NOT mustn’t): You don’t have to / needn’t take your shoes off inside, but you can if you want to. • Mustn’t is a prohibition (when it’s wrong to do it, it isn’t allowed): You mustn’t smoke inside.

  3. PERMISSION, REQUESTSAND OFFERS PERMISSION: Can I sit here? Could I borrow your phone? (more polite) May I sit here? (more formal) REQUESTS (asking someone else to do something): Can you / Will you pass me the salt? Could you tell me where the station is? (more polite) Would you lend me your camera? (more polite) OFFERS (offering help to someone else) Can I help you?

  4. ADVICE • You should / ought to start looking for a job. • Should and ought to mean the same but we use should more than ought to, especially in negative forms and questions: They shouldn’t let their children watch that. What should I do? • When we talk about the past , we use should + have + past participle I should have told the truth (= it was a good idea but I didn’t)

  5. ABILITY • How many languages can you speak? • He could read when he was three. • She was able to finish on time. • She managed to finish on time • You will be able to operate the machinery at the end of this course. • CAN - present ability • COULD - past ability in general • WAS/WERE ABLE TO or MANGED TO – specific occasion in the past (not COULD) • WILL BE ABLE TO – future ability

  6. DEDUCTION: CERTAINTY AND POSSIBILITY • I haven’t seen the neighbours all week. They must be away. • The man in the photo can’t be Peter because he never wears a hat. • The letter might be / may be / could be from Tony. She might come and see you tomorrow. • Ed may not know how to find our house. • MUST – certainty • CAN’T – impossibility • MIGHT / MAY / COULD – present and future possibility • we use MAY NOT and MIGHT NOT in negative sentences, not COULD NOT

  7. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST • I can’t find my keys. I must have left them at home. • He can’t/couldn’t have got there yet because it will take at least two weeks. • I’m not sure what sort of bird it was that I saw, but it may/might/could have been an eagle. • MUST / CAN’T / COULDN’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE – when we are certain about the situations in the past • MAY / MIGHT / COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE – possibilities in the past

  8. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER What time will you be home tonight? – I’m not sure. I _____ late. a) might be b) can be I can’t find the theatre tickets. They _________ out of my pocket. a) must have fallen b) should have fallen Somebody ran in front of the car as I was driving. Fortunately I _________ just in time. a) could have stopped b) managed to stop We’ve got plenty of time. We ___________ yet. a) mustn’t leave b) needn’t leave I __________ out but I didn’t feel like it, so I stayed at home. a) could have gone b) must have gone I’m sorry I __________ come to your party last week. a) couldn’t come b) shouldn’t come

  9. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER What do you think of my theory? - I’m not sure. You ______ right. a) could be b) must be I couldn’t wait for you any longer. I __________, and so I went. a) must go b) had to go Do you know where Liz is? – No, I suppose she ______ shopping. a) should have gone b) could have gone I promised I’d phone Gary this evening. I _________. a) mustn’t forget b) don’t have to forget Why did you leave without me? You _______ for me. a) must have waited b) should have waited You look nice in that jacket, but you hardly ever wear it. _________ it more often. a) should wear b) must have worn

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