IndIGO: An Update

1. (Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations) IndIGO: An Update Tarun Souradeep IUCAA, Pune (Spokesperson, IndIGO) www.gw-indigo.org Amaldi-9 Cardiff, UK 10 July 2011

2. Gravitational wave legacy in India • Two decades of Internationally recognized Indian contribution to the global effort for detecting GW on two significant fronts • Seminal contributions to source modeling at RRI [BalaIyer] • Indo-French collaboration for two decades to compute high accuracy waveforms for in-spiraling compact binaries from which the GW templates used in LIGO and Virgo are constructed. Cardiff collaboration on improved detection templates, parameter estimation, implications for Astrophysics and Cosmology. [K. Arun, P. Gopakumar, P. Ajith (UG)] GW data analysis at IUCAA [SanjeevDhurandhar] • Designing efficient data analysis algorithms Notable contribution: Matched filtering (Sathyaprakash ); search for binaryin-spirals hierarchical(S. Mohanty, A Sengupta); coherent search with network (S. Bose, A. Pai); radiometric maps of stochastic gravitational waves using CMB map making techs (S Mitra, TS). • IUCAA has collaborated with most international GW groups and has been a member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) for a decade.

3. Multi-Institutional, Multi-disciplinary Consortium (Aug. 2009) Nodal Institutions • CMI, Chennai • Delhi University • IISER Kolkata • IISER Trivandrum • IIT Madras (EE) • IIT Kanpur (EE) • IUCAA, Pune • RRCAT, Indore • TIFR, Mumbai • IPR, Bhatt • Others • RRI • JamiaMiliaIslamia • TezpurUniv

4. The IndIGO Consortium IndIGO Council Bala Iyer ( Chair) RRI, Bangalore Sanjeev Dhurandhar (Science) IUCAA, Pune C. S. Unnikrishnan (Experiment) TIFR, Mumbai Tarun Souradeep (Spokesperson) IUCAA, Pune Data Analysis & Theory Sanjeev Dhurandhar IUCAA Bala Iyer RRI Tarun Souradeep IUCAA Anand Sengupta Delhi University Archana Pai IISER, Thiruvananthapuram Sanjit Mitra JPL , IUCAA K G Arun Chennai Math. Inst., Chennai Rajesh Nayak IISER, Kolkata A. Gopakumar TIFR, Mumbai T R Seshadri Delhi University Patrick Dasgupta Delhi University Sanjay Jhingan Jamila Milia Islamia, Delhi L. Sriramkumar, Phys., IIT M Bhim P. Sarma Tezpur Univ . Sanjay Sahay BITS, Goa P Ajith Caltech , USA Sukanta Bose, Wash. U., USA B. S. Sathyaprakash Cardiff University, UK Soumya Mohanty UTB, Brownsville , USA Badri Krishnan Max Planck AEI, Germany Instrumentation & Experiment C. S. Unnikrishnan TIFR, Mumbai G Rajalakshmi TIFR, Mumbai P.K. Gupta RRCAT, Indore Sendhil Raja RRCAT, Indore S.K. Shukla RRCAT, Indore Raja Rao ex RRCAT, Consultant Anil Prabhakar, EE, IIT M Pradeep Kumar, EE, IIT K Ajai Kumar IPR, Bhatt S.K. Bhatt IPR, Bhatt Ranjan Gupta IUCAA, Pune Bhal Chandra Joshi NCRA, Pune Rijuparna Chakraborty, Cote d’Azur, Grasse Rana Adhikari Caltech, USA Suresh Doravari Caltech, USA Biplab Bhawal (ex LIGO)

5. IndIGO Advisory Structure Committees: National Steering Committee: Kailash Rustagi (IIT, Mumbai) [Chair]Bala Iyer (RRI) [Coordinator]Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA) [Co-Coordinator]D.D. Bhawalkar (Quantalase, Indore)[Advisor] P.K. Kaw (IPR) Ajit Kembhavi (IUCAA) P.D. Gupta (RRCAT)J.V. Narlikar (IUCAA)G. Srinivasan International Advisory Committee Abhay Ashtekar (Penn SU)[ Chair] Rana Adhikari (LIGO, Caltech, USA) David Blair (AIGO, UWA, Australia)Adalberto Giazotto (Virgo, Italy)P.D. Gupta (Director, RRCAT, India)James Hough (GEO ; Glasgow, UK)[GWIC Chair]Kazuaki Kuroda (LCGT, Japan)Harald Lueck (GEO, Germany)Nary Man (Virgo, France)Jay Marx (LIGO, Director, USA)David McClelland (AIGO, ANU, Australia)Jesper Munch (Chair, ACIGA, Australia)B.S. Sathyaprakash (GEO, Cardiff Univ, UK)Bernard F. Schutz (GEO, Director AEI, Germany)Jean-Yves Vinet (Virgo, France)Stan Whitcomb (LIGO, Caltech, USA) Program Management Committee: C S Unnikrishnan (TIFR, Mumbai), [Chair] Bala R Iyer (RRI, Bangalore), [Coordinator] SanjeevDhurandhar (IUCAA, Pune) [Co-cordinator] TarunSouradeep (IUCAA, Pune) Bhal Chandra Joshi (NCRA, Pune) P Sreekumar (ISAC, Bangalore) P K Gupta (RRCAT, Indore) S K Shukla (RRCAT, Indore) Sendhil Raja (RRCAT, Indore)]

6. IndIGO: Goals & current activities • Provide a common umbrella to initiate and expand GW related experimental activity and train new technically skilled manpower • Seeking pan-Indian consolidated IndIGO membership in LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) for participation in Advanced LIGO. • Create a Tier-2 data centre in IUCAA for LIGO Scientific Collaboration Deliverables and as a LSC Resource • Starting collaborative work under the IUSSTF Indo-US IUCAA-Caltech joint Centre at IUCAA • Indo-Jap project “Coherent multi-detector gravitational wave search using LCGT and advanced interferometers” • Explore the Roadmap for EGO-IndIGO collaboration on GW and a possible MOU (Meeting on Nov 1-2 ,2011 at IUCAA) • Explore Indian participation in LISA and space based GW detectors in the future ( ASTROD 5 meeting on July 14 – 16, 2012 at RRI)

7. Participation in LSC during Advanced LIGOProposed Data Analysis activities of the IndIGO Consortium • Principal Leads: K.G. Arun, R.Nayak, A. Pai, A. Sengupta, S. Mitra • Participants: S. Dhurandhar, T. Souradeep, B. R. Iyer, C.K. Mishra, • M.K. Harris,…. • Institutions: CMI, IUCAA, IISER (Kolkata), IISER (Tvm), Univ Delhi • Projects • Multi-detector Coherent veto • Tests of GR and alternative theories of gravity • Stochastic Gravitational wave background analysis • IndIGO Data Center

8. IndIGO Data Centre @ IUCAA Anand Sengupta, DU, IndIGO • Primary Science: Online Coherent search for GW signal from binary mergers using data from global detector network Coherent  2-4 x event rate (40  80-160 /yr for NS-NS) • Role of IndIGO data centre • Large Tier-2 data/compute centre for archival of GW data and analysis • Bring together data-analysts within the Indian gravity wave community. • Puts IndIGO on the global map for international collaboration with LIGO Scientific Collaboration. Facility for LSC as part of IndIGO participation. • Large University sector participation via IUCAA • 200 Tflops peak capability (by 2014) • Storage: 4x100TB per year per interferometer. • Network: gigabit+ backbone, National Knowledge Network • Gigabit dedicated link to LIGO lab Caltech • 20 Tf 200 Tb funded by IUCAA : ready Mid 2012

9. IndIGO Consortium – a brief history • Dec. 2007 : ICGC2007 @IUCAA: RanaAdhikari’s visit & discussions • 2009: • Australia-India S&T collaboration (Iyer & Blair) Establishing Australia-India collaboration in GW Astronomy • IndIGO Consortium: Reunion meeting IUCAA (Aug 9, 2009) • GW Astronomy Roadmap for India; • 2009-2011: • Meetings at Kochi, Pune, Shanghai, Perth, Delhi to Define, Reorient and Respond to the Global (GWIC) strategies for setting up the International GW Network. • Bring together scattered Indian Experimental Expertise; Individuals & Institutions • March 2011: IndIGO-I Proposal: Participation in LIGO-Australia • May 2011+: LIGO-India..

10. IndIGO: the Aspiration • Create major Indian presence in GW astronomy • MOU with ACIGA to collaborate on GW Astronomy • Two Alternatives depending on the Australian decision (Oct 2010) • Partner in LIGO-Australia • Indian partnership at 15% of Australian cost with full data rights A significant recent development … • LIGO-India • Letter from LIGO Lab. with a concept proposal for LIGO-India • IndIGO Consortium has placed LIGO-India into the preliminary shortlist of National Mega Projects being considered under the forthcoming Five year plan in India ( Final rounds of meetings: during Sept 2011)

11. LIGO-India:a good idea for GW community ! • Geographical relocation Strategic for GW astronomy • Increased event rates (x2-4) by coherent analysis • Improved duty cycle • Improved Detection confidence • Improved Sky Coverage • Improved Source Location required for multi-messenger astronomy • Improved Determination of the two GW polarizations • Potentially large Indian science user community in the future • Indian demographics: youth dominated – need challenges • Improved UG education system will produce a larger number of students with aspirations looking for frontline research opportunity at home. • Substantial data analysis trained faculty exists in India and Large Data Analysis Center Facilities are being planned under the next five year plan for consolidated IndIGO participation in LSC for Advanced LIGO

12. LIGO-India:Attractive Indian megaproject • On Indian Soil with International Cooperation (no competition) • Shared science risks and credits with the International community. • AdvLIGO setup & initial setup risks primarily rests with USA. • AdvLIGO-USA precedes LIGO-India by > 2 years. • Vacuum 10 yr of operation in initial LIGO  2/3 vacuum enclosure + 1/3 detector assembly split (US ‘costing’ : manpower and h/ware costs) • Indian expters can contribute to AdvLIGO-USA : opportunity without primary responsibility • US hardware contribution funded & ready • AdvLIGO largest NSF project funded in USA • LIGO-India needs NSF approval, but not additional funds from USA • Expenditure almost completely in Indian labs & Industry • Very significant Industrial capability upgrade in India. • Well defined training plan  Large number of highly trained HRD • Host a major data analysis facility for the entire LIGO network

13. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Science Gain from Strategic Geographical Relocation Source localization error Courtesy: S. Fairhurst Original Plan 2 +1 LIGO USA+ Virgo LIGO-India plan 1+1 LIGO USA+ Virgo+ LIGO-India LIGO-Aus plan 1+1 LIGO USA+ Virgo+ LIGO-Aus

14. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation: science gain Polarization info Homogeneity of Sky coverage Courtesy: S.Kilmenko & G. Vedovato

15. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation - the science gain Sky coverage: ‘reach’ /sensitivity in different directions Courtesy: Bernard Schutz

16. Strategic Geographical relocation: science gain Courtesy: Bernard Schutz

17. LIGO-India: … the challenges • Indian contribution in human resources: • Trainable Scientific & engineering manpower for detector assembly, installation and commissioning. • Trained S & T manpower for LIGO-India sustained operations for next 10 years. • Major enhancement of Data Analysis team. Seek Consolidated IndIGO participation in LIGO Science Collab. (Sept 2011) • Expand theory and create numerical relativity simulation. Expect a significant number of hirings in premier institutions

18. LIGO-India: … the challenges • Indian contribution in Engineering. & infrastructure: • Ultra-high Vacuum enclosure on large scale • Site (L-configuration: Each 100-200 m x 4.5km: < 300 acres) • HPC -Data centre

19. LIGO-India: … the challenges Indian Site Need to move fast!!! Before other facilities under ext 5 yr plan look for space there … • Requirements: • Low seismicity • Low human generated noise • Air connectivity • Proximity to Academic institutions, labs, industry preferred, … • Very Preliminary exploration: • IISc new campus & adjoining campus near Chitra Durga • (envisaged as a National mega facility hub) • low seismicity • Solid rock base • 1hr from Bangalore International airport • Bangalore: science & tech hub of India • National science facilities complex plans  power and other infrastructure availability, ….

20. Large scale ultra-high Vacuum • Fabricated and installed by Indian Industry under close monitoring by science & technology team • Oversee the procurement & fabrication of the vacuum system components and its installation by a national multi-institutional team. • DAE commitment to LIGO-India  Intense participation of RRCAT & IPR possible. • All vacuum components such as flanges, gate-valves, pumps, residual gas analyzers and leak detectors will be bought. • Companies L&T, Fullinger, HindHiVac, Godrej, … with close support from RRCAT, IPR and LIGO Lab. • Preliminary detailed discussions with Industry in Feb 2011 :Companies like HHV, Fullinger, Godrej in consultation with Stan Whitcomb (LIGO), D. Blair (ACIGA) since this was a major IndIGO deliverable to LIGO-Australia. • Preliminary Costing for LIGO-India vacuum component is INR 400 cr. (~80 M USD)

21. Detector Assembly & Commissioning For installation and commissioning phase: • Identify 10-15 core experienced Enggs. & scientists who spend a year, or more, at Advanced LIGO-USA during its install. & comm. • LIGO proposal document • Already 1 IndIGO post-doc at LIGO Caltech, 2 others under consideration in LIGO and EGO,.. • Creste positions back in India for them (Once project manpower sanctioned, LIGO-India project hiring at institutions like RRCAT, TIFR, IUCAA,….) • 6-10 full time engineers and scientists in India. Present experimental expertise within IndIGO Laser ITF: TIFR, RRCAT, IITM, IIT K. UH Vacuum: RRCAT, IPR, (TIFR, IUCNS, new IUCs? ) Each group can scale to 10 Post-doc/PhD students. Over 2-3 years. Train on 3-m prototype .

22. High precision experimental expertise in India • TIFR : High precision experiments and tests of weak forces [C.S. Unnikrishnan] • Test gravitation using most sensitive torsional balances and optical sensors. • Techniques related to precision laser spectroscopy, electronic locking, stabilization. • G.Rajalakshmi (IIA  TIFR, 3m prototype); • Suresh Doravari (IIA  LIGO, Caltech 40m/Adv LIGO) • RRCAT (RR Center for Advanced Tech.) • [S.K. Shukla on INDUS, A.S. Raja Rao (ex RRCAT)] --UHV • [Sendhil Raja, P.K. Gupta] - Optical system design, laser based instrumentation, optical metrology, Large aperture optics, diffractive optics, micro-optic system design. • [Rijuparna Chakraborty, France  LIGO/EGO pdf?]Adaptive Optics…. • IPR (Institute for Plasma Research) • [S.B. Bhatt on Aditya and Ajai Kumar] - UHV , Lasers, Control systems,.. • IITM [Anil Prabhakar] and IITK [Pradeep Kumar] (EE depts) • Photonics, Fiber optics and communications • Characterization and testing of optical components and instruments for use in India..

23. Large experiment expertise in India • Groups at BARC (Bhabha Atomic Res. Center) and RRCAT : involved in LHC hardware contribution • provided a variety of components and subsystems like precision magnet positioning stand jacks, superconducting correcting magnets, quench heater protection supplies and skilled manpower support for magnetic tests and measurement and help in commissioning LHC subsystems. • Teams at Electronics & Instrumentation Groups at BARC (may be interested in large instrumentation projects in XII plan) • IPR (Inst. for Plasma res.): Involved in ITER (6xLIGO-Ind cost) Support role in large volume UHV system, Control systems,…. • Groups at ISRO (Ind. Space Res. Org.) ,……. Control systems, Clean rooms, Large scale fabrication, ...... • Over the last two years contacts made with the above groups  opportunities in a GW experiment and explore their possible participation in LIGO-India/Aus.

24. RRCAT (Next Plan period): Advanced Interferometry(Narrow line width Frequency Stabilised laser development) The laser will be an injection seeded Nd;YAG or Yb:Silica fiber laser locked to a stabilized reference cavity. The target would be to demonstrate a laser with 1W output and sub-kHz line width and few Hz stability. Scaling up of the power to 10W will be done as the next step.

25. RRCAT: Advanced Interferometry(Ultraflat Components development) Development of Ultraflat Optical components such as mirrors for GWD will require augmenting the existing facility with an ion beam figuring system for final correction of the polished optics to /500 or better.

26. Photonics @ IIT-Madras (& IIT- Kanpur) 11 faculty members (8 in EE, 3 in Physics) 10 M. Tech scholars in EE (Photonics) 20+ research scholars (M.S. and Ph.D.) Research specializations • Optical communications • Fiber lasers • Diffractive optical elements • Silicon photonics, plasmonics • Nonlinear and quantum optics • Metrology and instrumentation Strong industry partnerships

27. IndIGO 3m Prototype Detector Funded by TIFR Mumbai on campus (2010)PI: C. S.Unnikrishnan ( INR 3.5cr ~.7 M$ ) • Goals of the TIFR 3-m prototype interferometer (to be operational in 2014): • Research and Training platform with all the features of the advanced LIGO-like detectors, scaled down to displacement sensitivity around 10-18 m, above 200 Hz. • The Indian research platform for features like signal recycling, DC read-out, and most importantly the use of squeezed light and noise reduction (last phase). • Instrument for studies on short range gravity and QED force, especially a measurement of the Casimir force in the range 10 -100 microns where no previous measurements exist (Rajalakshmi and Unnikrishnan, Class, Quant. Grav. 27, 215007 (2010).

28. Indo-US centre for Gravitational Physics and Astronomy @ IUCAA APPROVED (Dec 2010). Funds received Jul 6, 2011 • Centre of Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) • Exchange program to fund mutual visits and facilitate • interactions leading to collaborations • Nodal centres: IUCAA , Pune, India & Caltech, Pasadena, USA. • Institutions: • Indian: IUCAA, TIFR, IISER, DU, CMI - PI: Tarun Souradeep • USA: Caltech, WSU - PI: Rana Adhikari

29. Thank you !!! Concluding Remarks.. • Over two decades India has been involved in quality GW research and been a part of the International GW community • Since 2009 Indian aspirations involve participation in a major GW experiment eventually leading to a GW detector in India The Indian Aspirations in GW research are represented by the IndIGO Consortium (since Aug 2009) • With immense help & encouragement from the International GW community, IndIGO has made significant progress to integrate India into the GWIC road map towards the setting up of a Global GW detector network • IndIGO is actively pursuing concrete, ambitious, well supported plans to revamp the scale and scope of Indian participation in GW research and GW Astronomy in the coming decades. **All interested researchers are welcome to join our efforts**