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Pathological. Adhesion. An adhesion is a band of scar tissue that binds 2 parts of your tissue together. They should remain separate. Adhesions may appear as thin sheets of tissue similar to plastic wrap or as thick fibrous bands.
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Adhesion • An adhesion is a band of scar tissue that binds 2 parts of your tissue together. They should remain separate. Adhesions may appear as thin sheets of tissue similar to plastic wrap or as thick fibrous bands. • The tissue develops when the body's repair mechanisms respond to any tissue disturbance, such as surgery, infection, trauma, or radiation. Although adhesions can occur anywhere, the most common locations are within the stomach, the pelvis, and the heart.
Inflammation • Inflammation is a process by which the body’s white blood cells and chemicals protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses.
Sepsis • The body may develop this inflammatory response to microbes in the blood, urine, lungs, skin, or other tissues. An incorrect layman's term for sepsis is blood poisoning. • Sepsis is usually treated in the intensive care unit with intravenous fluids and antibiotics.
Endoscopy Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons.
Fluoroscopy • Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that shows a continuous x-ray image on a monitor, much like an x-ray movie. It is used to diagnose or treat patients by displaying the movement of a body part or of an instrument or dye (contrast agent) through the body. • During a fluoroscopy procedure, an x-ray beam is passed through the body. The image is transmitted to a monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail. Uses: Fluoroscopy is used in many types of examinations and procedures. Some examples include • Barium x-rays and enemas (to view movement through the GI tract) • Catheter insertion (to direct the placement of a catheter during angioplasty or angiography) • Blood flow studies (to visualize blood flow to organs) • Orthopedic surgery (to view fractures and fracture treatments)
Magnetic Resonance Imagining • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), is primarily a medical imaging technique most commonly used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structure and limited function of the body. MRI provides much greater contrast between the different soft tissues of the body than computed tomography (CT) does, making it especially useful in neurological (brain), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and oncological (cancer) imaging. Unlike CT, it uses no ionizing radiation, but uses a powerful magnetic field to align the nuclear magnetization of (usually) hydrogen atoms in water in the body. Radio frequency (RF) fields are used to systematically alter the alignment of this magnetization, causing the hydrogen nuclei to produce a rotating magnetic field detectable by the scanner. This signal can be manipulated by additional magnetic fields to build up enough information to construct an image of the body. • Magnetic resonance imaging is a relatively new technology. The first MR image was published in 1973and the first cross-sectional image of a living mouse was published in January 1974.The first studies performed on humans were published in 1977. By comparison, the first human X-ray image was taken in 1895.
The MRI system goes through the patient's body point by point, building up a 2-D or 3-D map of tissue types to create images.
MRI scans can be used to help surgeons accurately locate structures within a patient's brain, in addition to tumors.
Nuclear Scan A radiotracer is injected into a peripheral vein. As the radiotracer decays, gamma radiation is emitted and is detected by a Gamma camera. When the tracer has collected in the target organ the area is scanned. Radionuclide scans can detect abnormalities such as fractures, bone infections, arthritis, rickets, and tumors that have spread, among other diseases.
Radiography • An x-ray (radiograph) is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. Imaging with x-rays involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body. X-rays are the oldest and most frequently used form of medical imaging. • A bone x-ray makes images of any bone in the body, including the hand, wrist, arm, foot, ankle, knee, leg or spine. What are some common uses of the procedure? • A bone x-ray is used to: • diagnose broken bones or joint dislocation. • demonstrate proper alignment and stabilization of bony fragments following treatment of a fracture. • guide orthopedic surgery, such as spine repair/fusion, joint replacement and fracture reductions. • look for injury, infection, arthritis, abnormal bone growths, bony changes seen in metabolic conditions. • assist in the detection and diagnosis of bone cancer. • Locate foreign objects in soft tissues around or in bones.
Steel Balls An X-ray shows steel balls and magnets inside of 8-year-old Haley Lents, after the Huntingburg, Ind. child swallowed the pieces from a magnetic toy set on May 8, 2008.
Radiopharmaceutical • Inventing ways to see inside bodies without cutting into them is one of the medical community's shining successes. Radioactive isotopes that can be injected safely into patients' bloodstreams and tissues get a lot of credit for that success. These so-called radiopharmaceuticals work like transient spies sending diagnostic signals from inside the body to external detectors and computers, which construct images of internal body structures from those signals. Like good spies too, the isotopes quickly disappear once their job is done, either by transforming into non-radioactive products or by passing out of the body. • Radio pharmacology is the study and preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, which are radioactive pharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field of nuclear medicine as tracers in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases • Oncology radipharmaceuticals – used in cancer treatments of lung, ovarian, uterine, and prostate cancer
Scan • Technique for carefully studying an area, organ, or system by recording and displaying an image of an area. • X-rays • CT scan • MRI
Positron Emission Tomography • Positron emission tomography (PET) is a test that uses a special type of camera and a tracer(radioactive chemical) to look at organs in the body. The tracer usually is a substance (such as glucose) that can be used (metabolized) by cells in the body. • During the test, the tracer liquid is put into a vein (intravenous, or IV) in your arm. The tracer moves through your body, where much of it collects in the specific organ or tissue. The tracer gives off tiny positively charged particles (positrons). The camera records the positrons and turns the recording into pictures on a computer.
Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography A Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) scan is a type of nuclear imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs. How does a SPECT scan work? A SPECT scan integrates two technologies to view your body: computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer). The tracer is what allows doctors to see how blood flows to tissues and organs.
A SPECT scan of a ptient with unctronolled complex partical seizures. The temporal lope on the left side of the brain shows less blood flow than the right, confirming for the surgeon te nonfunctioning area of the brain causing seizures.
Tomography Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning, through the use of wave of energy. A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, geophysics, oceanography, materials science, astrophysics and other sciences. In most cases it is based on the mathematical procedure called tomographic reconstruction. The word was derived from the Greek word tomos which means "a section", "a slice" or "a cutting". A tomography of several sections of the body is known as a polytomography. In conventional medical X-ray tomography, clinical staff make a sectional image through a body by moving an X-ray source and the film in opposite directions during the exposure. Consequently, structures in the focal plane appear sharper, while structures in other planes appear blurred. By modifying the direction and extent of the movement, operators can select different focal planes which contain the structures of interest.
UltrasonographyObstetric sonogram of a fetus at 16 weeks. The bright white circle center-right is the head, which faces to the left. Features inlcude the forehead at 10 o’clock, the left ear toward the center at 7 o’clock and the right hand covering the eyes at 9:00.
Anastomosis An anastomosis is a surgical connection between two structures. It usually means a connection that is created between tubular structures, such as blood vessels or loops of intestine. For example, when part of an intestine is surgically removed, the two remaining ends are sewn or stapled together (anastomosed), and the procedure is referred to as an intestinal anastomosis.
Cauterize To burn tissues by thermal heat, including steam, hot metal, or solar radiation; electricity; or another agent such as laser or dry ice, usually with the objective of destroying damaged or diseased tissues, preventing infections, or coagulating blood vessels
