AP European History

1. AP European History Chapter 19: The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression (Pg#703-738)

2. Learning Objectives: 1. Why did the Paris settlement fail to bring peace and prosperity to Europe? 2. What key factors combined to produce the Great Depression? 3. What was the relationship between politics and economics in the early decades of the Soviet Union? 4. What did Fascism mean to Mussolini and his supporters? 5. Why did democracy fail to thrive in postwar Germany? 6. What shared challenges did the successor states face in eastern Europe?

3. Chapter Outline: I. After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement II. Toward the Great Depression III. The Soviet Experiment IV. The Fascist Experiment in Italy V. German Democracy and Dictatorship VI. Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe VII. In perspective

4. Vocabulary: • Collectivization(713) • Duce(717) • Fascism(729) • Great Depression(705) • Great Purges(715) • Kristallnacht(730) • Mein Kampf(722) • New Economic Policy {NEP}(710) • Popular Front(707) • Reichstag(720) • SS(729) • War Communism(709) • Weimar Republic(705)

6. The Russian Revolution -Key Concepts-

7. I. Pre-Revolutionary Russia • Only true autocracy left in Europe • No type of representative political institutions • Nicholas II became Tsar in 1884 • Believed he was the absolute ruler anointed by God • Revolution broke out in 1905 --Russo-Japanese War (1904)

8. II. The Revolution of 1905 • The creation of a discontented working class • Vast majority of workers concentrated in St. Petersburg and Moscow • Help from the countryside: poor peasants • No individual land ownership

9. II. Revolution of 1905 (cont) • Russia industrialized on the backs of the peasants • Tremendous historic land hunger among peasants • Real winners of the 1905 Revolution: Middle Class --Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) --Duma

10. Conservatism Continues: 1905-1917 • Tsar paid no attention to the Duma • Duma harassed and political parties suppressed • Nicholas was personally a very weak man • Tsar became increasingly remote as a ruler

11. IV. Alexandra: The Power Behind the Throne • Even more blindly committed to autocracy than her husband • The influence of Rasputin over Alexandra • Origins of Rasputin’s power • Scandals surrounding Rasputin served to discredit the monarchy

12. Alexis: Alexandra’s Son with Hemophilia

13. V. World War I: “The Last Straw” • War revealed the ineptitude and arrogance of the country’s aristocratic elite • The Russian “Steam Roller” • Corrupt military leadership and contempt for ordinary Russian people • Average peasant has very little invested in the War

14. V. World War I (cont) • Poorly supplied troops • Result: Chaos and Disintegration of the Russian Army --Battle of Tannenberg (August, 1914) • Spreading Discontent

15. VI. The Collapse of the Imperial Government • Nicholas leaves for the Front—September, 1915 • Alexandra and Rasputin throw the government into chaos • Alexandra and other high government officials accused of treason

16. VI. The Collapse of the Imperial Government (cont) • Rasputin assassinated in December of 1916 • Refusal to receive assistance of the Russian Middle Class • Complete mismanagement of the wartime economy

17. VII. The Two Revolutions of 1917 • The March Revolution (March 12) • The November Revolution (November 6)

18. VIII. The March Revolution • Origins: Food riots and strikes • Duma declared itself a Provisional Government on March12th • Tsar abdicated on March 17th • Composition of the Provisional Government --Alexander Kerensky • Very Popular Revolution • The Petrograd Soviet --Order #1

19. End of Romanovs • Taken to Western Siberia • After Bolsheviks took power taken to Ekaterinburg (in Ural Mountains) • Lenin sent telegram authorizing their execution • Taken to cellar at 1:30 a.m. with family doctor and servants • Nicholas and Alexandra fell first under the hail of bullets • Bullets bounced off the daughters, diamonds found in their corsets • Those who survived the bullets were killed by bayonets • Bodies loaded onto truck, stripped of jewels, thrown into a mine • Mine not deep enough to hide them, bodies dumped into a pit in a marshy area • Even the family dog was killed

20. IX. Soviet Political Ideology • More radical and revolutionary than the Provisional Government • Most influenced by Marxist socialism • Emulated western socialism • Two Factions -- “Mensheviks” -- “Bolsheviks”

21. Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin • His Early Years --Exiled to Siberia in 1897 • Committed to Class Struggle and Revolution • Moved to London in 1902 and befriended Leon Trotsky • What is to be Done? Tract

22. X. Lenin (cont) • Key role of the Party in the revolution -- “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” • Bolsheviks split from the Russian Socialist Party in 1912 • Character of the Bolshevik Party --Joseph Stalin --Pravda

23. XI. Vacuum of Leadership in Russia • Petrograd Soviet dominated by Mensheviks • Failure of the Provisional Government • Workers refusing to work and soldiers refusing to fight • Peasants were expropriating the land outright • Power was literally lying in the streets of Petrograd

24. XII. Lenin Steps into This Vacuum • Amnesty granted to all political prisoners in March of 1917 • Lenin’s arrival in Petrograd • A tremendously charismatic personality • “Peace, Land, Bread” • “All Power to the Soviets” • Bolshevik party membership exploded • Consolidation of Bolshevik power

25. XIII. The November Revolution • The events of November 6 • Council of People’s Commissars • All private property of wealthy was abolished and divided among the peasantry • Largest industrial enterprises nationalized

26. XIII. November Revolution (cont) • Political Police organized: CHEKA • Revolutionary army created with Trotsky in charge -- “Red Army” • Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party in March of 1918 • The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk negotiated with the Germans • Terms of the Treaty

27. XIII. November Revolution (cont) • Humiliating Treaty would be nullified since all of the west was on the verge of revolution • Civil War fought between 1917-1920 -- “Reds” versus “Whites” • Complete breakdown of Russian economy and society

28. XIV. Interpreting the Russian Revolution • The official Marxist Interpretation --The importance of a permanent international revolution • Function of Russian History and Culture • Imposed Revolution on an unwilling victim • A Social Revolution

29. Russia before and after WWI

31. Communist Manifesto:Marx and Engels 1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.  2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.  3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance.  4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. 

33. Communist Manifesto:continue 5. Centralization of credit in the banks of the state, by means of a national bank with state capital and an exclusive monopoly.  6. Centralization of the means of communication and transport in he hands of the state.  7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state; the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.  8. Equal obligation of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture. 

35. Communist Manifesto:continue 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.  10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc. 

36. I. Conservative Authoritarianism 1. Conservative Authoritarianism had deep roots in Eastern Europe based on anti-democratic ideas a. revived after World War I b. many of these European countries dealt with ethnic tensions within their borders c. large landowners/Church looked upon dictators to save them from land reform d. new authoritarian govts., more concerned about maintaining status quo rather than changes

37. I. Conservative Authoritarianism 2. Radical totalitarian dictatorships a. emerged in Germany, Italy, Russia(Soviet Union) b. rejected parliamentary & liberal values(including rationality, peaceful progress, economic freedom, strong middle class) & sought control over masses c. V.I. Lenin, in Russia(Soviet Union), provided model for single-party rule d. totalitarian leaders believed in will power, conflict, worship of violence, and idea that individual was less important than state as well as no basic rights of individual e. Totalitarianism was a permanent Revolution f. USSR totalitarianism of the “right”

38. II. Lenin’s Soviet UnionUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1. Stalin’s modern totalitarian dictatorship 2. From Lenin to Stalin a. Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, deposed the Romanov monarchy b. Bolsheviks(radicals) defeated the Mensheviks(moderates) for control of government c. 1917-1921 civil war, economy in ruins after Reds(Bolsheviks) defeated the Whites(royalists, others) d. Lenin instituted New Economic Policy(NEP) which allowed small private enterprise(capitalism), which improved Soviet economy e. Lenin renames Russia to Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: USSR or CCCP in cryllic) f. Lenin has party rename themselves from Bolsheviks to Communists g. 1924, Lenin dies, power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin-Stalin won control of communist party, country and Trotsky exiled, assassinated 1938, Mexico City V.I. Lenin

39. II. Stalin’s Soviet UnionUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 3. Ascension of Joseph Stalin over Leon Trotsky product of power of Stalin in controlling people within party as well as theory of “socialism in one country” or Russia building its own socialist society, was more attractive than Trotsky’s theory of “permanent revolution” or the overthrow of other European states Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky

40. II. Stalin’s Soviet UnionUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1. The “Five-Year” Plans a. five-year plans began in 1928, designed to improve economy, put people to work(industrial & agricultural production) b. Stalin wanted to erase N.E.P. catch up to west with proletarian economy based on communism rather than capitalism c. spectacular growth for heavy industry(steel production), with govt., capital providing material as well as foreign engineers to modernize the Soviet Union d. massive modernization for country meant low standard of living for workers

41. II. Stalin’s Soviet UnionUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 2. Collectivization a. Stalin ordered all private farm lands collectivized into communes b. land, equipment (machinery, animals, buildings), to be handed over to state c. peasants to farm lands for state with no profit d. kulaks, wealthy peasants, target of Stalin, removed from homes, villages, positions of power, sent to prisons e. peasants protested collectivization (smashed equipment, killed farm animals, hid grains) f. Stalin ordered troops to go into farm regions, arrest peasants, kill if necessary

42. Benito Mussolini Fascist leader of Italy 1929 -1945

44. Italian flag

46. Born July 29, 1883 • Mother was a teacher • Father was a blacksmith • Named after Benito Juarez • Was a soldier, socialist, editor, and Totalitarian leader

47. Italy of Mussolini’s youth • Italy consolidating into one country • Conflict between nationalists and Roman Catholic Church • Many different political parties Guisepi Garibaldi Camilio Cavour

48. Centralization of Power • 1922 invited by King Emmanuel to form government • 1925 named head of state • 1929 Lateran Treaties with Vatican • 1933 held 7 of 14 cabinet positions

49. Centralization of Power cont. • The rise of Fascism: • emphasized loyalty to state • private ownership of land allowed

50. Characteristics of Fascism • cultural: censorship, indoctrination, secret police • social: supported by middle class, industrialists, military • economic: economic functions controlled by state corporations or state • political: nationalist, racist (Nazism), one-party rule, supreme leader • basic principles: authoritarianism, state more important than the individual, characteristic leader, action oriented • chief examples: Italy, Spain, Germany