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Blood Typing and Components for Laboratory Learning

Explore blood typing reactions, differentiate blood components under a microscope, and understand transfusion reactions and immune responses in this hands-on lab. Practice reading blood typing cards, recognize leukocyte types, and test your own blood type. Be prepared to examine blood slides and perform differential cell counts. Stay safe by following lab guidelines and preparing for upcoming cardiovascular exercises. Enhance your knowledge of antigens, antibodies, and the ABO and Rh blood groups.

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Blood Typing and Components for Laboratory Learning

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  1. Bio212 Laboratory 1 Blood and Blood Typing

  2. Objectives for Lab 1 • Be able to read and interpret a blood typing card (agglutination reaction) and determine blood type from what you see • Understand what determines blood type and under what circumstances a transfusion reaction may occur, i.e., what serum antibodies must be present for a reaction to take place • Be able to distinguish the formed elements of blood under the microscope or from a photomicrograph, and know the approximate percentage of each type of leukocyte

  3. Neutrophils • light blue granules in acid-base stain • lobed nucleus • other names • segs • polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs) • bands (young neutrophils) • first to arrive at infections • phagocytic • 54% - 62% of leukocyte • elevated in bacterial infections

  4. Basophils • deep blue granules from basic stain • release histamine • release heparin • less than 1% of leukocytes

  5. Eosinophils • deep red granules in acid stain • bilobed nucleus • moderate allergic reactions • defend against parasitic worm infestations • 1% - 3% of leukocytes • elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions

  6. Monocytes • largest blood cell • kidney-shaped or oval nuclei • leave bloodstream to become macrophages • 3% - 9% of leukocytes • elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis

  7. Lymphocytes • about the size of RBC • large spherical nuclei • thin rims of cytoplasm • T cells • B cells • important in immunity • produce antibodies • 25% - 33% of leukocytes • decreased T Cells in AIDS

  8. Antigens and Antibodies • The major function of the immune system is to distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ • Antigens are glycoproteins that can potentially trigger an immune response (agglutinogens) • An antibody is a protein that binds specifically to a particular antigen (agglutinins)

  9. ABO Blood Group

  10. Agglutination *

  11. Blood Agglutination Anti-D = Rh factor Agglutination(positive rexn) Homogeneous “lawn” of RBCs (negative rexn) Figure From: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

  12. Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion NOTE: Type AB is a universal recipientType O is a universal donor

  13. Rh Blood Group Factor Several antigens, most important is antigen D If any Rh antigens present, blood is Rh+ Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure of an Rh- individual to Rh+ blood.

  14. Determining if a transfusion reaction will occur • When transfusing ‘packed red cells’, only RBCs will be transfused from donor to recipient • Must consider ONLY if the antibodies present in the recipient’s plasma will react with the donor’s RBCs. Example: Transfusing CELLS from a type B donor to a type A recipient. Cells Plasma Cells Plasma

  15. Review AB = universal recipient, O = universal donor

  16. Things you should do in lab today • Examine the blood slide (#20) under the microscope • Blood slide – be able to recognize and distinguish among the different types of cells as well as platelets • Might want to try a differential count (100 cells) • Refer to your • Hole’s Lab Manual for pictures/guidance • See Lab Guide (handout) checklist of cells for which you are responsible for Laboratory Exercise #1 • Test your blood (work with a partner) • Use the Eldoncard kits to test YOUR OWN blood; see the instructions in your Lab Guide • Determine your blood type • Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in today

  17. Things you should do in lab today • For those of you who don’t want to, or should not, test your own blood • Use the synthetic test kits to test ONE OF THE SAMPLES of synthetic blood; see the instructions in your Lab Guide • Determine the blood type • BE SURE TO INDICATE THE NUMBER OF THE SAMPLE YOU TESTED ON YOUR HAND-IN SHEET!! • Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in • Please be sure to sign Lab Safety Rules sheet

  18. Next Lab… • Suggest that you label the following exercises in preparation for examining models and learning blood vessels • See Blood/Cardiovascular links on Web site • Heart Models • Exercise 38 in Hole’s Lab Manual • Blood vessels • Exercise 40 in Hole’s Lab Manual

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